%0 Journal Article %T Conflict between espionage and freedom of information from the perspective of human rights %J Public Law Studies Quarterly %I University of Tehran %Z 2423-8120 %A Zare, Mohsen %A Ghare Baghi, Venus %D 2016 %\ 01/21/2016 %V 45 %N 4 %P 609-629 %! Conflict between espionage and freedom of information from the perspective of human rights %K Espionage %K Freedom %K guideline %K human rights %K Peace %K security %R 10.22059/jplsq.2016.56442 %X Espionage is one of the most important challenges in human rights field and such importance shows itself more egregiously when intelligence agencies commit spying under the aegis of human rights or circumvent human rights under the cover of fighting against espionage. A legal study on this subject may clarifies vague points and solves the existing conflicts in a way which neither individuals’ fundamental rights nor national security of states is breached. Since a solid cornerstone, its serious supervisory mechanism and its enforcement, human rights obligations, travers more quickly and more purposeful than any other areas of law and a huge part of such traversing has been caused by restricting states’ sovereignty and establishing observing organs which observe activities of states and their institutions and organs. %U https://jplsq.ut.ac.ir/article_56442_0f10924669536d5dce2c18cb82ac78bf.pdf