Document Type : Article

Authors

1 PhD. Student in Public Law, Faculty of Law of Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Prof. of Department of Public Law ,Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Prof. of Department of Public Law, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Gods Branch, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The main authority of legislation, as the most important authority of governments in creating rights and obligations for individuals, plays a very fundamental role in guaranteeing the rights and freedoms of citizens and also in depriving and restricting these rights. This general authority, if exercised contrary to the law, can seriously endanger individual rights and freedoms. Therefore, the legislative branch is responsible for enacting laws to achieve goals such as ensuring justice, recognizing individual rights, predictability of life, and establishing public order. These goals can only be achieved when laws are formulated in accordance with accurate legislative principles. Since guaranteeing rights and freedoms is one of the main goals of legislation and their deprivation and restriction is an exception, understanding this challenge comes from answering the question of what is the impact of legislation on guaranteeing individual rights and freedoms, and to what extent does its deprivation and restriction affect this authority of the government? The present study, using descriptive-analytical application, attempts to establish a logical interaction between guarantee by law and guarantee in practice, with innovation and a different look at the means of guaranteeing and restricting rights and freedoms, through law and legislation.

Keywords

Main Subjects

  1. Latin

    1. Aitken, V. E. (2013). An Exposition of Legislative Quality and its Relevance for Effective Development.
    2. Florijn, N. A. (2008). “Quality of Legislation: A Law and Development Project”, Lawmaking for Development: Explorations into the Theory and Practice of International Legislative Projects, J. Arnscheidt and B. Van Rooij and J. M. Otto (eds.), Amsterdam: Leiden University Press.
    3. Habermas, J. (1999). On the Internal Relation Between Rule of Law and Democracy, in P.Hayden(ed) Philosophical Prespective on Law and Politics. New York, Peterlang.
    4. Heuschling, L. (2012). Effectivite, efficacite, efficience et qualite dune norme/du droit. Analyse des mots et des concepts, dans Lefficacité de la norme juridique Nouveau vecteur de légitimité, Bruxelles: Bruylant.
    5. Joseph Raz. (1979)."The rule of law and it's virtue" in The Authority of Law. Oxford University Press, first published.
    6. Kelsen, H. (1999). On the Basic Norm in Philosophy Of Law. Brian Bix(ed), Oxford, Oxford University Press.
    7. Mackaay, E. (1999). Legislation and Codification. in An Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Law.
    8. McCarthy, Anna Lenna svensson:(1998). The International Law of Human Rights and States of Exception. Martinus Nijhoff publishers, The Haguel Bostonl London.
    9. Rameah, H. (2015). policy capacity, A Conceptual framework for understanding policy competences and capabilities. Policy and Society, (34).
    10. Ramesh,M,X.Wu, Howlett, M. (2015). Policy capacity: A Conceptual framework for understanding policy competences and capabilities, Policy and Socuety, 34.
    11. Rose, J. (2004). The Rule of Law in the Western World: An Overview. Journal of Social Philosophy, 35(4),
    12. Rousset, M., & Rousset, O. (2004). Droit administrative, Presses Universitaires de Grenoble,
    13. Sacks, A.M., & Henry, M. H. (1958). The Legal Process: Basic Problems in the
    14. Tamanaha, B. (2004). on the rule of Law, CAMBRIDGE university press
    15. Wade, E.C.S and Bradley, (1993). W. Constitutional and Administrative Law, (London: Longman.
    16. Walter Kalin, Jorg Kunzli (2009). The Law of International Human Rights Protection. Oxford University Press.
    17. Woermans, W. (2009). “Concerns about the Quality of EU Legislation: What Kind of Problem, by what Kind of Standards?”

     

    References In Persian:

    1. A) Books
    2. Aristotle (2002). Politics, translated by Hamid Enayat. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications (In Persian).
    3. Berlin, I. (2008). Freedom and Betrayal of Freedom. translated by Ezzatollah Foladvand, Tehran: Mahi Publications (In Persian).
    4. Chamilieh Jeannerou, M. (2003). Humanity and Sovereignty, A Journey through International Law. translated by Morteza Kalantrian, first edition, Tehran: Agah Publishing (In Persian).
    5. Eslami, R. (2022). Human Rights? A Normative Guide to Civil-Political Rights for the Empowerment and Demands of Civil Society. Tehran: Majd Publications (In Persian).
    6. Fazaeli, M. (2008). Fair Trial: International Criminal Trials, Tehran: Shahr Danesh Legal Studies and Research Institute (In Persian).
    7. Flores, I. (2011). In Search of the Philosophy of Legislation: Constitutionalism/Legalism, Discourses on Law and Legislation. written and translated by Hassan Vakilian, Tehran: Islamic Consultative Assembly, Research Center (In Persian).
    8. Ghasemzadeh, G. (2014). Basic Rights. Correction and Annotation by Ali Akbar Gorji Azandriani, Second Edition, Tehran: Jangal Publications (In Persian).
    9. Gorji Azandriani, A. A. (2009). In the Struggle for Basic Rights. Second Edition, Tehran: Jangal Publications, Javedaneh (In Persian).
    10. Hashemi, S. M. (2016). Basic Rights and Political Structures. 3rd edition, Tehran, Mezan Publishing House (In Persian).
    11. Hobbes, T. (2013). Leviathan. translated by Hossein Bashirieh. 8th edition, Tehran: Ney Publishing House (In Persian).
    12. Katouzian, N. (1998). Introduction to Law and Study in the Legal System of Iran. Tehran: Publication (In Persian).
    13. Katouzian, N. (2006). The Rule of Law and Civil Society. Tehran: Faculty of Law and Political Sciences (In Persian).
    14. Markaz Malmiri, A. (2006). The Rule of Law, Concepts, Principles and Concepts. First Edition, Tehran: Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (In Persian).
    15. Movahed, M. A. (2013). In the Air of Right and Justice from Natural Rights to Human Rights. Fourth Edition, Tehran, Karname Publishing House (In Persian).
    16. Mowaaq, M. R. (2011). Theoretical Foundations and Structure of the Legal State. 1st edition, Tehran: Jangal Publishing House (In Persian).
    17. Nikounhad, H. (2014). Introduction to the Concepts of Public Law: Examining the Concept of the Rule of Law. Office of Islamic Systemization Studies, Guardian Council Research Institute (In Persian).
    18. Pritchett, L., Wolcott, M., & Andrews, M. (2019). Development as Empowerment of Government. translated by Jafar Khairkhahan and Masoud Dorudi, second edition, Tehran: Rosen Publications (In Persian).
    19. Qari Seyed Fatemi, S. M. (2003). Human Rights in the Contemporary World.Vol. 1, First Edition, Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University Press (In Persian).
    20. Qari Seyed Fatemi, S. M.( 2014). Human Rights in the Contemporary World. Vol. 2: Analytical Essays on Rights and Freedoms, Third Edition, Tehran: Shahr Danesh Legal Studies and Research Institute (In Persian).
    21. Qazi Shariat Panahi, A. (2011). Essentials of Basic Rights. Forty-first Edition, Tehran: Mizan Publications (In Persian).
    22. Qazi, A. (2004). Basic Rights and Political Institutions, Generalities and Principles. Tehran: Tehran University Press and Publishing Institute (In Persian).
    23. Raoul Wahlberg and The Hague Institute (2012). New York. United Nations Office for the Public Information (In Persian).
    24. Rostamzadeh, H. (2020). Human Rights. translated by Asadollah Mobasshari, Tehran: Scientific and7 Cultural Publications (In Persian).
    25. Rousseau, J. J. (1988). The Social Contract. translated by Manouchehr Kia, Tehran: Ganjineh (In Persian).
    26. Rousseau, J.J. (2013). The Social Contract. translated by Morteza Kalantrian, first edition, Tehran: Ageh Publishing (In Persian).
    27. Saramad, M. H., Pejman, A. (2015). Human Rights Education. Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (In Persian).

     

    1. B) Articles
    2. Abdollahzadeh Shahrbabaki, A. (2019). Methods of Improving the Quality of Laws. Quarterly Journal of Public Law Studies, 50(2), 770-757 (In Persian).
    3. Abrishami Rad, M.A., & Asadi Ojaq, N. (2022). The most important reasons for the lack of implementation of laws in the Iranian legal system. Quarterly Journal of Public Law Knowledge, 55(35), 119-144 (In Persian).
    4. Abrishami Rad, M. A., & Khosravi Afzar, R. (2023). Sharia Supervision of the Guardian Council Jurists on the Regulations Approved by the Head of the Judiciary. Quarterly Journal of Public Law Knowledge, 12(4), 193-218 (In Persian).
    5. Agha Mohammad Aghaei, E., Hassanvand, M., & Bozorgi, E. (2020). The Foundations of an Orderly Iranian Society, Law-Based Government and the Constitution. Islamic Social Research, 26(121),3-28 (In Persian).
    6. Amini Pezveh, H., & Mansourian, M. (2023). The extent of transparency in the negotiations of judges/members of courts/constitutional councils. Quarterly Journal of Public Law Knowledge, 12(3), 1-24 (In Persian).
    7. Ansari, B. (2007). The Revision of Laws and Regulations: A Strategy for Combating Legal Ambiguity. Quarterly of Legal Information, 6(11), 31-67 (In Persian).
    8. Aslani, F., & Kazemiini, S. M. H. (2011). The Concept of the Rule of Law and Its Interpretation with Emphasis on the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Quarterly Journal of Islamic Revolution Studies, 8(26), 247-274 (In Persian).
    9. Bahadori Jahromi, M., & Shokrollahi, A. (2024). Sharia Supervision of Laws and Regulations in the Legal Systems of Egypt and Iran. Quarterly Journal of Public Law Knowledge, 13(2), 177-201 (In Persian).
    10. Bakhshaishi Bayqout, M., & Heydari Munawar, H. (2017). Privacy in Iranian Law and International Documents, Quarterly Journal of International Police Studies, 7(29), 207-232 (In Persian).
    11. Darvishvand, A., Kadkhodamoradi, K., & Fattah Zafarghandi, A. (2021). Guarantees of the Right to Legal Aid in the Islamic Republic of Iran System Based on the Opinions of the Guardian Council. Quarterly Journal of Public Law Knowledge, 10 (34), 29-55 (In Persian).
    12. Emami, M., Rahmani, M., & Moghadamfard, M. (2022). The foundations and effects of parallel legislation and the necessity of overcoming it. Quarterly Journal of New Research in Administrative Law, 4 (11), 39-66 (In Persian).
    13. Emami, M., & Shakeri, H. (2015). Good Governance and the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Comparative Law Research Journal, 1(2), 25-57 (In Persian).
    14. Ezazi, M. R., & Ahmadifar, A. (2023). Guaranteeing Human Rights and Legitimate Freedoms in the Criminal Procedure Process. Quarterly Journal of Judiciary, 23(113), 73-93 (In Persian).
    15. Ghorban nia, N. (2006). Limitation of Rights and Freedoms. Islamic Law Quarterly, 3(10), 11-32 (In Persian).
    16. Habibi Majandeh, M. (1990). Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights. Mofid Quarterly, 6 (2), 93-124 (In Persian).
    17. Habibnejad, S. A., Haq Panahan, Z. (2022). The process of legislative initiative and its effective components with emphasis on the audience of the law in the light of comparative studies. Scientific Journal of Contemporary Comparative Law Studies, 13 (27), 71-100 (In Persian).
    18. Habibnejad, S. A., & Taghizadeh, A. (2019). Legislative Needs Assessment, an Essential Element in Proper Legislation. Quarterly Journal of Public Law Knowledge, 8(26), 25-46 (In Persian).
    19. Hadavand, M. (2008). Judicial Supervision: Conceptual Analysis, Basic Developments (A Plan for the Development of Administrative Law and the Promotion of Judicial Supervision), Bi-Quarterly Journal of Constitutional Law, 7(9), 7-56 (In Persian).
    20. Hashemi, S. M. (1993). Refinement of laws and the paths that must be taken. Majles and Res.earch Journal, (3), 252-262 (In Persian).
    21. Jahangiri, A. Morad., Habibnejad, A., & Hadavand, M. (2024). The role and position of revision in legislative drafting. Quarterly Journal of Public Law Knowledge, 13(1), 185-207 (In Persian).
    22. Khorshid, A., Zolfaghari, H., & Iraj Mashhadi, E. (2011). The relationship between the correct implementation of law and social order. Quarterly Journal of Military Management, 11 (43), 43-74 (In Persian).
    23. Lajvardi, S. V., Khakzad, M. R., & Ghasemi-Ahed, V. (2023). Mechanisms for establishing justice in the judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Quarterly Journal of the Approach to the Islamic Revolution, 17(64), 159-176 (In Persian).
    24. Madani, S. Z. (2008). The State’s International Obligation to Observe Human Rights, Limited to Location?. International Legal Journal, 25(38), 233-259 (In Persian).
    25. Malekshahi, H., & Azadbakht, F. (2021). The relationship between human rights and the rule of law. International Legal Research Quarterly, 14(53), 421-437 (In Persian).
    26. Mansourinia, Z. (2021). The principle of the rule of law in administrative organizations in light of the decisions of the Administrative Court of Justice. International Quarterly Journal of Law, 5(17), 873-895 (In Persian).
    27. Mardani, N., Vaezi, S. M., & Borzoi, M. (2022). Civil rights and individual freedoms, in light of the performance of a competent judicial system. Journal of the Excellence of Law, 8(2), 49-75 (In Persian).
    28. Morovvati, I. (1402). Principles of Realizing Judicial Security in the Iranian Criminal System. Quarterly Journal of Legal Civilization, 6(16), 297-316 (In Persian).
    29. Mousavi, S. F., & Mousavifar, S. H. (2021). Legal Security in International Law: Concept and Position, Quarterly Journal of Public Law Studies, University of Tehran, 51(2), 661-673 (In Persian).
    30. Mousavi, S. F., Ahmadinejad, M., & Amin al-Raaya, Y. (2017). The position of the individual's right to recognition of legal personality in international, regional and national documents. Journal of Comparative Law Studies, 8(2), 777-798 (In Persian).
    31. Nejndimanesh, H., Hosseini Azad, S.A., & Ahsan Nejad, M. (2012). Sovereignty of States and International Human Rights Documents: Effect or Influence. International Human Rights Bi-Quarterly, 7(2), 27-50 (In Persian).
    32. Norouzi, Q., Al-Mohammad, S. M. A., & Tavassoli Naini, M. (1989). Justice as the basis of the rule of law in the Iranian legal system. Quarterly Journal of Comparative Iranian and International Law Research, 12(44), 21-42 (In Persian).
    33. Nouri Lanjan Noqabadi, H. (2023). An Introduction to the Responsibility and Rights of Individuals in the Light of International Law with a View to the Human Rights System, Scientific Quarterly of Law and Modern Studies, 4(2), 1-26 (In Persian).
    34. Parvin, K. (2008). Human Rights and Its Impact on the National Sovereignty of States, Quarterly Journal of Law. Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, 38(4),111-135 (In Persian).
    35. Poshtdar, H., Taghavi Fardood, Zein-El-Abedin, Taghavi Fardood, M., & Taghavi Fardood, M. (2023). Rule of Law in the Legal System of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Quarterly Journal of Public Law, 24(78),289-315 (In Persian).
    36. Raei Dehaghy, M., & Jafari, S. (2012). Study of the human rights components of the rule of law in international law. Iranian Monthly Journal of Sociology, 5 (10), 3404-3418 (In Persian).
    37. Raei, M., & Atrian, F. (2012). Rule of Law and Governmental Provisions in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Islamic Governance Quarterly, 17 (1), 123-146 (In Persian).
    38. Rafiei-Lak, M., Barzegar, A., & Hosseini Sadrabadi, I. (2022). Structural and Normative Priorities of the Legislative Process in Iran. Quarterly Journal of the Approach to the Islamic Revolution, 16(58), 87-110 (In Persian).
    39. Rahimi, A., Shams Natri, M. E., Haji Dehabadi (2024). Analysis of the requirements of legislative regulation in the rule of material plurality of Ta’zir crimes. Quarterly Journal of Public Law Knowledge, 13(3), 29-52 (In Persian).
    40. Rasek, M. (2006). Intrinsic and Transverse Characteristics of Law. Journal of Parliament and Research, 13 (51), 13-40 (In Persian).
    41. Rezaei, M., & Khosravi, N. (2018). Proportionality of the principle of the obligation to state reasons for decisions and the rule of law. Quarterly Journal of Public Law Research, 20(61), 65-92 (In Persian).
    42. Rezvani, H. (2016). The right to freedom of expression and the international responsibility of countries towards it. Foreign Policy Quarterly, 30(4), 65-92 (In Persian).
    43. Safari, M., & Ghasemi, S .(2024). Studying the protection of citizens' privacy during the Corona period with emphasis on the issue of data processing (a comparative study in the United States, France, China and Iran). Journal of Comparative Law Studies, 15(1), 93-119 (In Persian).
    44. Seifi, M. M., & Parvin, K. (2023). The principle of transparency in the legislative process of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Federal Republic of Germany, a case study of public participation. Quarterly Journal of Public Law Knowledge, 12(3), 47-72 (In Persian).
    45. Shakeri, H. (2024). Comparative study of citizens' political rights in the Iranian Constitution and international documents. Journal of Comparative Public Law, 1(2), 42-67 (In Persian).
    46. Shakeri, H., & Fadaei, A. A. (2014). An analysis of the discourse on citizenship rights with emphasis on the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of the Fars Bar Association, New, (5), 212-247 (In Persian).
    47. Shariat Bagheri, M. J. (2011). The superiority of international treaties over ordinary laws. Quarterly Journal of Legal Research, 14(56), 279-305 (In Persian).
    48. Shokri, M. (2024). The nature of treaties from a domestic and international perspective, contract or law? (Study of international documents, Iranian and Iraqi law). Quarterly Journal of Comparative Studies in the Law of Islamic Countries, 2(4), 37-56 (In Persian).
    49. Vakilian, H., & Markaz Malmiri, A., (2016). Philosophy of Legislation: In the Effort to Improve the Quality of Law. Quarterly Journal of Public Law Research, 18(51), 29-54 (In Persian).
    50. Waldron, J. (2009). Principles of Legislation, translated by Hassan Vakilian. Bi-Quarterly Journal of Constitutional Law, 6(12), 115-137 (In Persian).
    51. Zarei, M. H .(2001). The Rule of Law in Political and Legal Thoughts. Comparative Law Bi-Quarterly, o (1), 51-68 (In Persian).
    52. Ziaei, R., Norouzi, Q., & Jahanbin, S. E. (2015). Reflection on the Acquired Right in the Light of the Decisions of the Administrative Court of Justice. Quarterly Journal of Administrative Law, 2(8), 143-162 (In Persian).