English

1. A) Books
2. Gammeltoft-Hansen, T. (2011). Refugee protection and the reach of the non-refoulement principle. Cambridge University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511763403.005
3. Khalid Koser. Irregular migration, state security and human security, Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM), (2005): 5.
4. Lauterpacht, E., & Bethlehem, D. (2003). The scope and content of the principle of non-refoulement: Opinion. In E. Feller, V. Türk, & F. Nicholson (Eds.), Refugee protection in international law: UNHCR’s global consultations on international protection (p. 116). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511493973
5. Marlou Schrover, Joanne Van Der Leun. Illegal Migration and Gender in a Global and Historical Perspective, (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2008): 5.
6. Nethery, A., & Silverman, S. (Eds.). (2015). Immigration detention: The migration of a policy and its human impact. London & New York: Routledge. (p. 110). DOI: https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40431

1. B) Articles
2. Allain, J. (2002). The jus cogens nature of non-refoulement. International Journal of Refugee Law, 13(4), 557. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/13.4.533
3. Atkins, S., & Walsh, K. (2024). R (AAA) v SSHD and the implications of customary international law for the UK. Legal Studies, 44(3), 391–397. https://doi.org/10.1017/lst.2024.12
4. James Tobin. “Nationality and Borders Bill”, The House of Lords Library Briefing, (21 December, 2021): 12.
5. Mujuzi, Jamil. “The Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on the Inter-State Transfer of Sentenced Offenders (2019): Highlighting potential contentious human rights issues”, International Law Review, Vol. 42 (2025): 150-151.
6. Saenz Perez, C. (2023). The securitization of asylum: A review of UK asylum laws post-Brexit. International Journal of Refugee Law, 35(3), 304-305. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eead030
7. Wu Katherine. “Economic Consequences of UK Immigration Reform Following Brexit”, Perspectives on Business and Economics, Vol. 36 (2018): 65. Retrieved from https://preserve.lib.lehigh.edu/

1. C) Cases
2. Case of Asylum Seekers in Europe: M.S.S v Belgium and Greece, accessed February 14,2025, https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r27639.pdf
3. Coroners Court of Queensland. Inquest into the Death of Hamid Khazaei. File No. 2014/3292. Delivered at Brisbane on 30 July 2018, Accessed on August 5, 2025 at: https://www.courts.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/577607/cif-khazaei-h-20180730.pdf
4. Court of Appeal (England and Wales). (2023). AAA and others v. Secretary of State for the Home Department: Judgment summary (29 June 2023). Judiciary of England and Wales. Retrieved from https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/AAA-v-SSHD-summary-290623.pdf
5. England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court). (1999). R v Uxbridge Magistrates Court & Another ex parte Adimi; R v Crown Prosecution Service ex parte Sorani; R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Sorani; R v Secretary of State for the Home Department & Another ex parte Kaziu [1999] EWHC Admin 765. Retrieved from http://fmp.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/sites/252/2017/12/0755.pdf
6. European Court of Human Rights. (1989). Soering v. The United Kingdom (Application No. 14038/88). Strasbourg: Council of Europe, https://www.globalhealthrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ECtHR-1989-Soering-v.-United-Kingdom.pdf
7. European Court of Human Rights. (2000). T.I. v. The United Kingdom (Application No. 43844/98, Decision as to the Admissibility). European Database of Asylum Law. Retrieved from https://www.asylumlawdatabase.eu/en/content/ecthr-ti-v-united-kingdom-application-no-4384498-decision-admissibility-7-march-2000
8. European Court of Human Rights. (2011). M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece (Application No. 30696/09). European Database of Asylum Law. Retrieved from https://www.asylumlawdatabase.eu/en/content/ecthr-mss-v-belgium-and-greece-gc-application-no-3069609
9. European Court of Human Rights. (2012). Hirsi Jamaa and Others v. Italy (Application No. 27765/09) [Grand Chamber]. European Database of Asylum Law. Retrieved from https://www.asylumlawdatabase.eu/en/content/ecthr-hirsi-jamaa-and-others-v-italy-gc-application-no-2776509
10. European Court of Human Rights. (2019). Ilias and Ahmed v. Hungary (Application No. 47287/15). European Database of Asylum Law. Retrieved from https://www.asylumlawdatabase.eu/en/content/ecthr-ilias-and-ahmed-v-hungary-application-no-4728715-21-november-2019-0
11. R (on the application of AAA and others) (Respondents/Cross Appellants) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant/Cross Respondent)”, accessed January 30, 2025, https://supremecourt.uk/uploads/uksc_2023_0093_press_summary_435372d8db.pdf
12. R v Uxbridge Magistrates Court & Adimi R v Crown”, accessed October 13, 2024, https://www.refworld.org/jurisprudence/caselaw/gbrhcqb/1999/en/97131

1. D) Websites
2. BBC News. (2024, May 10). Keir Starmer vows to scrap Rwanda asylum scheme ‘straight away’. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-68984778
3. Migration Policy Institute. One of the World’s Largest Refugee Populations: Afghans Have Faced Increasing Restrictions in Iran, accessed on February 11, 2025 https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/afghan-refugees-iran,
4. Moving under Threats: The Treacherous Journeys of Refugees who ‘Voluntary’ Departed from Israel to Rwanda and Uganda and Reached Europe, accessed January 31, 2025, https://blogs.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/2018/10/moving-under

1. E) Documents
2. Afghanistan Situation: Afghan Returns from Iran and Pakistan, (Published on 1 August 2025), Accessed on August 5, 2025 at: https://data.unhcr.org/fr/documents/download/117913
3. Asylum Seeker Resource Centre. (2014). Operation Sovereign Borders، Retrieved from https://asrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Operation-Sovereign-Borders-May-2014.pdf
4. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, accessed on March 3, 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/cat.pdf
5. Council of the European Union. Council Directive 2005/85/EC of 1 December 2005 on minimum standards on procedures in Member States for granting and withdrawing refugee status, OJ L 326, 13.12.2005, p. 13–34, accessed on February 15, 2025, Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32005L0085
6. Gautier, P. (n.d.). ‘Memoranda of Understanding’: Mere political commitments or a well-established category of international treaty law? What distinguishes a legally binding agreement from a non-legally binding instrument? [Presentation]. ICJ & UCLouvain. https://rm.coe.int/1-1-mou-ph-gautier-powerpoint/1680a23545
7. Global Detention Project. (2018). France immigration detention. Global Detention Project. Retrieved from https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/europe/france
8. Home Office. “Nationality and Borders Bill”, The House of Commons, (4th November, 2021): 40-42. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/36/pdfs/ukpga_20220036_en.pdf
9. House of Commons Library. (2024). The UK-Rwanda migration and economic development partnership (Research Briefing No. 9568). Retrieved from https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9568/CBP-9568.pdf
10. House of Lords International Agreements Committee. (2022). Memorandum of Understanding between the UK and Rwanda for the provision of an asylum partnership arrangement (7th Report of Session 2022–23, HL Paper 71). London: House of Lords. Retrieved from https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/30322/documents/175339/default/
11. Iran-UNHCR Data Portal, Fact Sheet November 2022, Accessed on March 3, 2025 at: https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/98617#:~:text=According%20to%20data%20received%20from,Afghans%20and%2020%2C000%20are%20Iraqis
12. Legislative Scrutiny: Nationality and Borders Bill, Home Office Decission Making, Age Assessments, and Deprivation of Citizenship Orders, accessed 15 October 2024, https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/8549/documents/86371/default
13. Observation on Nationality and Borders Bill”, accessed October 13, 2024, https://www.unhcr.org/uk/sites/uk/files/legacy-pdf/615ff04d4.pdf
14. Refugee Council. “Differential Treatment (Clause 11 of the Nationality and Borders Act)”, accessed 13 October 2024, https://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/information/refugee-asylum-facts/differential-treatment-clause-11
15. Southern African Development Community. (2003). Regional indicative strategic development plan. Gaborone, Botswana: SADC Secretariat. Retrieved from https://www.sadc.int/sites/default/files/2021-08/Regional_Indicative_Strategic_Development_Plan.pdf
16. Sturge, G. (2025, March 4). Asylum statistics (Research Briefing SN01403). House of Commons Library. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn01403/
17. The European Court grants Urgent Interim Measures in Case Concerning Asylum-seeker’s Imminent Removal from the UK to Rwanda, accessed January 30, 2025, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=003-7359967-10054452&filename=Interim%20measure%20granted%20in%20case%20concerning%20asylumseeker%E2%80%99s%20imminent%20removal%20from%20the%20UK%20to%20Rwanda.pdf
18. The European Union. “Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council”, Official Journal of the European Union, (2013): 31-59. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2013/604/oj/eng
19. The Migration Observatory. (2020, May 20). Immigration detention in the UK. The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford. Retrieved from, accessed on 27 April 2025, https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/immigration-detention-in-the-uk/
20. UK Home Office. (2021). Nationality and Borders Bill: Explanatory notes (HL Bill 82). London: UK Home Office. Retrieved from https://bills.parliament.uk/publications/44460/documents/1174
21. UK Home Office. (2024). Failure to travel to Bibby Stockholm vessel: Policy guidance (Version 4.0). London: UK Home Office. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65f197549812278a47f6132d/Failure+to+Travel+to+Bibby+Stockholm+Vessel+policy+guidance.pdf
22. UK Life Info. (n.d.). UK-Rwanda asylum partnership. UK Life Info. Retrieved April 27, 2025, from https://uklifeinfo.co.uk/uk-rwanda-asylum-partnership/
23. UK Parliament. (1971). Immigration Act 1971 (Chapter 77). London: The Stationery Office. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/77/pdfs/ukpga_19710077_en.pdf
24. UK Parliament. (1998). Human Rights Act 1998 (Chapter 42). London: The Stationery Office. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/data.pdf
25. UK Parliament. (2015). Modern Slavery Act 2015 (Chapter 30). London: The Stationery Office. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/30/pdfs/ukpga_20150030_en.pdf
26. UK Parliament. (2024). Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act 2024 (Chapter 8). London: The Stationery Office. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/8/enacted https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/8/pdfs/ukpga_20240008_en.pdf
27. (2019). Handbook on procedures and criteria for determining refugee status and guidelines on international protection under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the status of refugees. Geneva: UNHCR. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/4714a1bf2.html
28. United Nations. (1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Treaty Series No. 81 (1999). London: The Stationery Office. Retrieved from: https://treaties.fcdo.gov.uk/data/Library2/pdf/1999-TS0081.pdf
29. Weis, P. (Ed.). (1951). The refugee convention, 1951: The travaux préparatoires analyzed with a commentary by Dr. Paul Weis. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/4ca34be29.pdf
30. Work Permit, accessed on February 14, 2025 https://iscidestekmerkezi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Work-Permit-ENG.pdf

References In Persian:

1. Books

1. Ghari Seyyed Fatemi, M. (2017). Human Rights in the Contemporary World, 2 Vols. Tehran: Negah-e Moaser Publications (In Persian).
2. Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, H. (2020). Offences Against The Moral Integrity of Persons. Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation (In Persian).
3. Peterie, M. (2024). Visiting Immigration Detention, translated by Amirmasoud Pourmousa. Tehran: Abrang International Publications (In Persian).
4. Ziaei Bigdeli, M. R. (2023). Public International Law, Tehran: Canjedanesh Publications (In Persian).

1. B) Articles
2. Alirezaei, H., Hakakzadeh, M., & Kafaeifar, M. (2024). Prohibition of Return of Refugees in the Laws of Iran, European Union and International Documents. Quarterly Journal of Economic Jurisprudence Studies, 6(5), 365–382. https://www.doi.org/10.22034/ejs.2024.470160.1890 (In Persian).
3. Babaei Ragheb, E. , Salimi Turkamani, H. , Rezaei Pishrobat, S. and rostamzad, H. (2022). A reflection on the European Court of Human Rights' case law regarding the asylum application of Iranian citizens. Journal of Legal Studies, 14(2), 209-237. https://www.doi.org/10.22099/jls.2021.41064.4438 (In Persian).
4. Beigzadeh, E., & Azarpendar, A. (2024). Children's Right to Participate in Asylum Procedure. Legal Research Quarterly, 27(2), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.48308/jlr.2024.233481.2608 (In Persian).
5. Keyhanlou, F. (2003). How to Apply the Principle of Non-refoulement in front of War Refugees?. Journal of Legal Research, 2(4), 133–153. https://jlr.sdil.ac.ir/article_44788.html
6. Keyhanlou, F., & Dadmehr, H. (2020). (In Persian). Violation of International Obligations by the United States vis-à-vis Asylum Seekers in Caravan. International Law Review (Quarterly), 37(62), 175–198. https://doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2019.104909.1676 (In Persian).
7. Mahdipour, S. F., Sobhani, M., & Maghsoudi, R. (2021). Critique and Examination on the Requirements and Consequences of the Act of Nationality of Children from Marriage between Iranian Women and Foreign Men 2019. Contemporary Comparative Legal Studies Quarterly, 12(23), 111–134. https://doi.org/10.22034/law.2021.39615.2604 (In Persian).
8. Mogadasifar, M. R., & Shaygan, F. (2024). Prohibition of Reservation to the Principle of Non-Refoulement of Refugees in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Public Law Research Quarterly, 25(82), 241–276. https://doi.org/10.22054/qjpl.2022.62515.2646 (In Persian).
9. Mokhtarzadeh, S., & Ansari, H. (2022). Policymaking Framework and Refugee Rights in Iran, Focusing on the Refugee Status Determination. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Letters, 12(4), 99–117. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.24767220.1401.12.4.2.3 (In Persian).
10. Pourmousa, A. and Sobhani, M. (2025). The Principle of Secondary Non-Refoulement in the Context of Australia’s Offshore Asylum Policies. Public Law Research, (), -. https://doi.org/10.22054/qjpl.2025.85868.3109 (In Persian).
11. Shahbazi, A., & Moghaddami Khomami, N. (2019). Supporting the Right of Family Unity and Reunification within the Framework of International Refugee Law: A Reflection on Practice and Theory. Comparative Law Researches, 23(3), 185–212. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22516751.1398.23.3.6.1 (In Persian).

1. C) Websites
2. Courts of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Case of Mohammad Ferooz Qurbani, accessed on 15 October 2024, https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=155104&doclang=EN (In Persian).
3. Islamic Parliament Research Center. The Law on the Status of Refugees and Its Protocol, accessed on 14 October 2024, https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/print_version/97439 (In Persian).