Authors

1 MSc. in International Law, Alborz Campus, University of Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Universal Declaration on Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights have endorsed the preexisting right to freedom of peaceful assembly for all citizens regardless of the location of such assemblies and the message which they try to proclaim. However, since peaceful turnouts may be a causative factor for public disturbance and are usually used as an instrument to protest against State’s policies, governments do not seem pleased when a demonstration plans on taking place in public. In order to recognize and secure the right to assembly, the externat to which people can enjoy this right and the circumstances in which governments are allowed to interfere with an assembly should be clarified. Even though international efforts to define the aforementioned right initiated years before Human Rights Council took any steps, the common understanding of what the right to freedom of assembly really is have greatly improved after its involvement and the spotlight on events in a number of Arab countries since 2011.

Keywords

  1. الف) کتاب

     

     

    1. آرلت هیمن-دوآ (1382)، آزادی‌های عمومی و حقوق بشر، تهران، ترجمۀ یوسف مولایی و رشید برناک، نشر گرایش.
    2. الماسی، نجادعلی (1389)، حقوق بین‌الملل خصوصی، چ نهم، تهران، میزان.
    3. کاتوزیان، ناصر (1387)، مقدمۀ علم حقوق در مطالعۀ نظام حقوقی ایران، چ شصت‌وچهارم، تهران، شرکت سهامی انتشار.
    4. قاری سید فاطمی،سید محمد (1388)، حقوق بشر در جهان معاصر، دفتر دوم، تهران: مؤسسۀ مطالعات و پژوهش‌های حقوقی شهر دانش.
    5. قاضی شریعت‌پناهی، سید ابوالفضل (1389)، بایسته‌های حقوق اساسی، چ سی‌وهفتم، تهران: میزان.
    6. _______، مشروح مذاکرات مجلس بررسی نهایی قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، ج اول، تهران: ادارۀ کل امور فرهنگی و روابط عمومی مجلس شورای اسلامی، 1364.
    7. هاشمی، سید محمد (1391)، حقوق بشر و آزادی‌های اساسی، چ دوم، تهران، نشر میزان.

     

    ب) مقاله

     

    1. سادات اخوی، سید علی؛ پارسانیا، نفیسه (1392)، " قواعد تفسیر کنوانسیون اروپایی حقوق بشر در پرتو رویۀ قضایی دیوان اروپایی حقوق بشر"، مجلۀ حقوقی بین‌المللی، 49: 144-127.
    2. اسلامی، رضا؛ کمالوند، محمدمهدی (1393)، "چالش‌های آزادی اجتماعات در سیستم حقوقی ایران در پرتو نظام بین‌المللی حقوق بشر "، مجلۀ حقوقی بین‌المللی، 50: 222-187.

     

     

    2. انگلیسی

    2.1کتاب

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    D) Documents

     

    1)General comment

     

    1. Committee On Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 14,Article 12: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, E/C.12/2000/4,(11, August, 2000).
    2. Human Rights Committee, General comment no.18 non-discrimination, HRI/GEN/Rev.1,)1994).
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    7. Human Rights Committee, General comment no.34: Article 19( freedom of opinion and expression),CCPR/C/GC/34,12,September,2011

    2) Resolutions

    1. 1.        Economic and Social Council, Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1985/4, (1985).
    2. Human Rights Council, The rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association, A/HRC/RES/15/21,(6,October,2010).

     

    3) Reports:

    1. General Assembly, Report of Secretary-General to General Assembly, Annotations on the text of the draft international covenants on human rights”, document A/2929, (1,July,1955).
    2. Human Rights Council, Report of special rapporteur of freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, A/HRC/20/27, (21,May, 2012).
    3. Human Rights Council, Report of special rapporteur of freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, A/HRC/29/25,(28,April,2015).
    4. Human Rights Council, Report of special rapporteur of freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, A/HRC/26/29,(10,June.2014).
    5. Human Rights Council, Report of special rapporteur of freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, A/HRC/23/39,(24,April,2013).
    6. Human Rights Council, Report of the Special rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, A/HRC/17/28,( 23, may ,2011).
    7. Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, A/HRC/19/61/ADD.4, (29,February ,2012)
    8. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights West Africa Regional Office, A human rights perspective into the Ebola outbreak, September 2014.
    9. Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, Strasbourg: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR),2010.

     

     

    پایگاه اینترنتی

     

    اندریو، پیتر (19ژوئیۀ 2014، آخرین بازدید 25 ژوئیۀ 2014)، "پاریس راهپیمایی‌های حمایت از فلسطینیان را برای یکشنبه ممنوع کرد" قابل دسترس در:

    http://www.france24.com/en/20140718-paris-bans-pro-palestinian-rally-planned-saturday/

    چبیل، مهدی، (26 ژوئیه 2014، آخرین بازدید 26 ژوئیه 2014)، "درگیری جوانان با پلیس در اعتراض‌های ممنوع‌‌شدۀ غزه در پاریس" قابل دسترس در:

    http://www.france24.com/en/20140726-pictures-thousands-defy-gaza-israel-palestinians-demonstration-ban-paris-france/

    مجموعه معاهدات ملل متحد، آخرین بازدید 10 فوریۀ 2014، " میثاق حقوق مدنی و سیاسی، قابل دسترس

     در:

    https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=iv 4&chapter=4&lang=en