Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of Public International Law, Department of Public & International Law, College of Law and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Prof., Department of Public & International Law, College of Law and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Prof., Department of Public & International Law, College of Law and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) addressed the protection of underwater cultural heritage partly in the "Area" and "Contiguous Zone" while, in other maritime zones, the protection of related heritage remained under the general provisions of the Convention. With regard to these latter zones, because of the need to establish a "delicate balance" between the rights and jurisdictions of coastal and other States, protection of underwater cultural heritage in the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf is challenging and a matter of great importance and sensitivity. On the other hand, the UNESCO’s 2001 Convention which was developed in order to Compensate for the perceived deficiencies and gaps of the 1982 Convention regime with regard to protecting this heritage, because of disagreements over the rights and jurisdictions of coastal State, has provided for a complex and ambiguous, but also conservative mechanism, so that the general framework of the 1982 Convention remains intact.

Keywords

1. فارسی

الف) کتاب‌ها
1. چرچیل، رابین و لو، آلن (1390). حقوق بین الملل دریاها، ترجمه بهمن آقایی، تهران، انتشارات گنج دانش، چاپ ششم.
ب) مقالات
2. ممتاز، جمشید (1384). «تأملی بر کنوانسیون حفاظت از میراث فرهنگی زیر آب»، ترجمه محمود صوراسرافیل، مجله حقوقی، نشریه مرکز امور حقوقی بین المللی معاونت حقوقی و امور مجلس ریاست جمهوری، شماره 33، صص 188-159.
 
2.  انگلیسی
A. Books
3. Blake, Janet E. (2015). International Cultural Heritage Law (Cultural Heritage Law and Policy, Oxford University Press.
4. Dromgoole, Sarah (2014). Underwater Cultural Heritage and International Law, Cambridge University Press.
5. Forrest, Craig J. S. (2010). International Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage, Oxon, Routledge.
6. Nandan, Staya N., Rosenne, Shabtai and Grandy Neal. R. (1993). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary, Center for Oceans Law and Policy, University of Virginia, Volume II, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
7. O'Keefe, Patrick J. (2002). Shipwrecked Heritage: A Commentary on the UNESCO Convention on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Institute of Art and Law.
8. Strati, Anastasia (1995). The Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: An Emerging Objective of the Contemporary Law of the Sea, The Hague, Kulwer Law International.
9. United Nations (2010).Marine Scientific Research: A revised guide to theimplementation of the relevantprovisions of the United Nations Conventionon the Law of the Sea, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations Publication.
10. United Nations (1956). Yearbook of the International Law Commission, United Nations Publication, Volume II.
B. Articles
11. Cogliati-Bantz, Vincent P., Forrest, Craig J. S. (2013). “Consistent: The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea”, Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 536-561.
12. Dromgoole, Sarah (2003). “2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, vol. 18, no 1, pp. 59-91.
13. Elia, Ricardo J. (2000). “US Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage beyond the Territorial Sea: Problems and Prospects”, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 43-56.
14. Forrest, Craig J. S. (2002). “A New International Regime for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 51, pp. 511-540.
15. Garabello, Roberta (2003). “The Negotiation History of the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage”, in Garabello, Roberta & Scovazzi, Tullio (eds.) The Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, Before and After the 2001 UNESCO Convention, Martin Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 89-192.
16. Migliorino, Luigi (1995) “In Situ Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage under International Treaties and National Legislation”, International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 483-495.
17. Newton, Cynthia Furrer (1986) “Finder Keepers? The Titanic and the 1982 law of the Sea Convention”, Hastings International Comparative Law Review, vol. 10.
18. Oxman, Bernard H. (1988). “Marine Archaeology and the International Law of the Sea”, Columbia-Volunteer Lawyers Association Journal of Law and the Arts, no. 12, pp. 353-371.
19. Strati, Anastasia (2006). “Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: From the shortcomings of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea to the compromises of the UNESCO Convention”, in Strati, Anastasia, Gavouneli, Maria & Skourtos, Nikolaos (eds.) Unresolved Issues and New Challenges to the Law of the Sea, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
20. Watters, David R. (1983). “The Law of the Sea and Underwater Cultural Resources” American Antiquity, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 808-816.
C. Theses
21. Blake, Janet E. (1996). "A Study of the Protection of Underwater Archaeological Sites and Related Artefacts with Special Reference to Turkey", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Dundee.
D. Cases
22. Treasure Salvors Inc v. The Unidentified Wreck and Abandoned Sailing Vessel, at 408 F Supp 907 (US, 1976); 569 F.2d. 230 (US, 1978); F.2d. 1340 (US, 1980); 640 F.2D. 560 (US, 1981).
E. Documents
23. UN Doc A/CONF.13/L.26 24 March 1958 in UNCLOS I Off Rec,