Author
Abstract
Development of new technologies and its growing trend in the last years of the twentieth century, led to the use of satellites in aircraft navigation. The implementation of Global Navigation Satellite Systems benefits all countries, including the Islamic Republic of Iran, but at the same time confronts them with political and legal challenges. The most important challenges for our country by implementing satellite-based navigation systems are the possibility of discrimination in providing the services and the possibility of violations of the sovereignty as a result of the exclusive control of the systems by the United States and Russia. Although, at first glance, the creation and development of a new satellite system which is controlled by an international, independent and civil organization seems to be a good solution, but considering the costs for implementation of a new system, this solution will not be welcomed. Therefore, the best way to solve the challenges arising from implementation of these systems is that ICAO, by establishing a proper legal arrangement regarding Navigation Satellite Systems, should control these systems with the participation of all countries and within the framework of an international organization.
Keywords
A) Books
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c) Documents
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e) Assembly resolutions A32-19, Charter on the Rights and Obligations of States Relating to GNSS Services, 1998.
f)Assembly resolutions A32-20, Development and elaboration of an appropriate long-term legal framework to govern the implementation of GNSS, 1998.
g) Chicago Convention, Convention on international civil aviation, 7 December 1944, 15 U.N.T.S. 295, ICAO Doc. 7300/8.
h) Council Minutes, 110th session, 14 October- 16 December 1983 ICAO Doc 9527-C /1078 C-Min 110/ and C-Min 110/9
i) Doc. No. 9790, Increasing the effectiveness of ICAO, Assembly Resolutions in Force, Published by authority of the Secretary General, International Civil Aviation Organization, 2008, Available: [on line], http://www.icao.int/icaonet/dcs/9790/9790_en.pdf
j) Doc. No. RTCA/TF, RTCA Inc., Global Navigation Satellite System, Final Report, 1 September 1992.
k) ICAO Doc. 9630-LC189, Report of the 28th session of the ICAO Legal Committee.
l) ICAO Doc. LC/35-WP/7-8, Report of the 35th session of the ICAO Legal Committee, 2013.
m) ICAO Doc. LC/36-WP/3-1, Report of the 36th session of the ICAO Legal Committee, 2015.
n) ICAO Doc. A33-WP/34, Progress Report on the Establishment of a Legal Framework with Regard to CNS/ATM systems including GNSS.
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p) ICAO Doc. A35-WP/125 LE/11, A Practical Way Forward on Legal and Institutional Aspects of Communications, Navigation, Surveillance/ Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) Systems.
q) ICAO policy on GNSS, United Nations Coordination of Outer Space Activities, 2008, Available: [on line], http://www.uncosa.unvienna.org/uncosa/en/directory/icao/index.html
r) Panel of LTEP, Legal and Technical Experts on the Establishment of a Legal Framework with Regard to GNSS, 2011, Available: [on line], http://www.icao.int/icao/en/assembl/a35/wp/wp292_en.pdf
s)Statement of Policy on CNS/ATM Systems Implementation and Operation, adopted by the Council on 9 March 1994 (Council Statement of 1994)
t) U.S GPS Policy, PDD NSTC-6 U.S. Global Positioning System Policy with Statement of Vice President on March 29, 1996, Available: [on line], http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/national/index.html
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