Author

Assistant Prof., Department of Law, University of Payame Noor, Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 involve the necessary tools for the protection and support of the resources of the deep sea area. But international obligations prescribed in the Convention on the law of the sea for the safeguard and protection of the deep sea area environment should be interpreted in a way that covers other existing regulations in the customary international law. Although in the Convention on the law of the sea provisions is no hinder to extend the international customary law obligations on the States parties to the Convention, but branches of International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea are reluctant to extend to the law of the sea. The approach of Seabed Disputes Chamber of International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in 2011 advisory opinion indicate the responsibility of the Member State in protection and protections of the sea environment are limited solely to the provisions of the Convention on the Law of sea and its Executive agreements And the doctrines of customary international law do not work directly in this area. This contradictory approach of Seabed Disputes

Keywords

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A) Books

  1. Birnie, Patricia, Alan Boyle, and Catherine Redgwell (2009). International Law and The Environment, 3 ed., Oxford University Press.
  1. Lowe, A.V., Talmon, Stefan (2009). The Legal Order of the Oceans: Basic Documents on the Law of the Sea, Hart Publishing.
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  3. Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2009). Peremptory Norms in International Law, Oxford Scholarship Online.

B) Articles

  1. Boyle, Alan (2007). “The Environmental Jurisprudence of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea”, International Journal of Marine & Coastal Law,Vol. 22, pp. 355-372.
  2. Fayette, L. de La (2000). “ITLOS and the Saga of the Saiga: Peaceful Settlement of a Law of the Sea Dispute”, International Journal of Marine & Coastal Law, Vol. 15, pp. 345-360.
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  4. Plakokefalos, Ilias (2012). “Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea; Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area”, Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 24(1), pp. 133-143.
  1. Jaeckel, Aline; Kristina M. Gjerde and Jeff A. Ardron (2017). “Conserving the Common Heritage of Humankind-Options for the Deepseabed Mining Regime”, Marine Policy, Vol. 78, pp. 150-157.

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  2. International Court of Justice (1969). Germany v. Denmark and Germany v. Netherlands, North Sea Continental Shelf Cases.
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  6. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (2001). Ireland v. United Kingdom, MOX Plant Case.
  1. Seabed Disputes Chamber of International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (2011). Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with respect to Activities in the Area. Advisory Opinion.

D) Documents

  1. Institute of International Law (1979). Pollution of Rivers and Lakes and International Law, Athens.
  2. Institute of International Law (1997). Responsibility and Liability under International Lawfor Environmental Damage, Strasbourg.
  3. International Atomic Energy Agency (1997). Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage.
  4. United Nations (1972). Declaration of the UN Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm.
  5. United Nations (1991). Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in Transboundary Context.
  1. International Law Commission (2001). Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts.
  2. International Law Commission (2006). Draft Principles on the Allocation of Loss in the Case of Transboundary Harm Arising out of Hazardous Activities.
  3. International Maritime Organization (2000). Resolution LEG1 on Limitation Amounts in the Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for oil pollution damage.
  1. United Nations (2000). Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area.
  2. United Nations (2010). Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides in the Area.