Authors
1 Assistant Prof., Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Allameh Tabataba'i, Tehran, Iran
2 MA. in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Allameh Tabataba'i, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
During the time and with improvements in science, consumptions of energy and using natural resources have been greatly increased. But using energy leads to demolition of environment. Also according to increase in fossil fuel usage and combustion of these fuels, the concentrations of greenhouse gases have been notably increased.. Such new technology for confronting with the phenomenon of warmness or controlling it to have ecological balance is Carbon Capture and Storage under sea beds. Also there might be some disasters because of incorrect guidelines in using this or other technologies in environment. Thus there may be need for some rules and laws of responsibilities in environmental damages in order to claim international responsibilities of states and non-state actors. In this research we want to discuss about Replacing Energies and the technology of Carbon Capture and Storage and analyze the possible damages to the environment by referring to principles and concepts of environment international law and finally we get to discuss about the international responsibilities of states in using this technology.
Keywords
الف) کتاب‌ها
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ب) مقالات
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- زین‌الدین، سید مصطفی؛ شاهمرادی، عصمت (1394). «بررسی تطبیقی ملاحظات زیست‌محیطی در قراردادهای بین‌المللی نفت»، مطالعات حقوق انرژی، دورۀ 1، ش 2.
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- موسوی، سید فضل‌الله؛ قیاسیان، فهیمه (1390). «جبران خسارات زیست‌محیطی در حقوق بین‌الملل»، فصلنامۀ حقوق، دورۀ 41، ش 1.
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A) BOOKS
10. Bert Metz and Ogunlade Davidson and Heleen de Coninck and Manuela Loos and Leo Meyer (eds) (2005). IPCC 2005: IPCC special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, Prepared by working group III, Cambridge University Press.
11. Birnie Patricia, Alan Boyle and Catherine Redgwel (2009). International Law and the Marine Environment. 3rd edn. New York: Oxford University Press.
B) ARTICLES
12. Aramesh shahbazi, Behnam Rezaei Nasab (2016). "Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and its Impacts on Climate Change and Global Warming", J Pet Environ Biotechnol 7: 291.
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گاز دی‌اکسید کربنمسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت‌ها در قبال خسارات وارده در پی استفا, Hart Publishing, Oxford.
D) Thesis
- Yasaman Mirfendereski,(2008). Techno-Economic Assessment of Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies in the Fossil Fuel-based Power Sector of the Global Energy-Economy System, master thesis, Technische Universität Berlin, Energy Engineering Institute, Berlin.
E) Documents
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21. Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Canada on Air Quality, U.S.-Can., Mar. 13, 1991, 1991 U.S.T. LEXIS 108.
22. Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region, Mar. 24, 1983, 1984 U.S.T. LEXIS 254.
23. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, Mar. 22, 1989, 1989 U.S.T. LEXIS 240.
24. Leipzing declaration on conservation and sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, international technical conference on plant genetic resources, Leipzing, Germany 17- 23 June 1996.
25. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, May 9, 1992, entered into force 21 March 1994.
26. Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, opened for signature Apr. 29, 1958, 15 U.S.T. 1606, 516 U.N.T.S. 205.
27. Convention on the Continental Shelf, opened for signature Apr. 29, 1958, 15 U.S.T. 471, 499 U.N.T.S. 311.
28. Convention on the High Seas, opened for signature Apr. 29, 1958, 13 U.S.T. 2312, 450 U.N.T.S. 82.
29. Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, opened for signature Apr. 29, 1958, 17 U.S.T. 138, 559 U.N.T.S. 285.
30. Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft, opened for signature Feb. 15, 1972, 932 U.N.T.S. 3.
31. Paris Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources, opened for signature Feb. 21, 1974, 13 I.L.M. 352.
32. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Resulting from the Exploration for or Exploitation of Seabed Mineral Resources (1976).
33. International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (1996).
34. Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Caused during Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland Navigation Vessels (1989).
35. Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North‐East Atlantic,(1992) as amended in 2007.
36. Protocol to the London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Dumping at Sea (1972), as amended in 2006.
F) Cases
37. International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion (1996), Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Requested by WHO.
38. Egypt–India (1997). Treaty for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments.
39.Energy Weald Basin Limited and another v Bocardo SA v Star Energy UK Onshore Ltd.,(Supreme court of England, 2010).
40.New Zealand v France(The Nuclear Tests Case)(1974) ICJ Report. 457.
41. Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v Albania), (1949) I.C.J. 4 (April 9).
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