Document Type : Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Candidate of Public International Law, Department of Public & International Law, College of Law and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Visiting Professor, Department of Public & International Law, College of Law and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Although much of the information derived from underwater remains is the result of activities whose primary object has not been the protection of underwater cultural heritage, UNESCO’s Convention on Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001), in principle, was not designed to address activities incidentally affecting underwater cultural heritage. Only article 5 of the Convention explicitly addresses this issue while these activities are implicitly referred to in several regulations. In maritime zones lying within 12 miles from the baseline, these activities are not subject to the provisions of the Convention and thus fall under the general provisions of the 1982 Convention. In those maritime zones beyond 12 miles, in practice, any activity may activate the reporting, notification and protection mechanisms of the treaty; there is no distinction between the types of state activities undertaken in these different maritime zones.

Keywords

A) Books
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B) Documents
13. Comments of Canada working paper distributed at the Second Meeting of Governmental Experts, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, 19−24 April 1999.
14. Final Report of the Second Meeting of the Scientific and Technical Advisory Body established under the Convention, Doc. UCH/11/2.STAB/220/7, 8 May 2011.
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16. Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area, adopted in 2000.
17. Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides in the Area, adopted in 2010.
18. Report of the Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority under Art. 166, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, ISBA/8/A/5, June 2002.
 
C) Newspaper Article
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D) Internet
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