Static Interpretation of the International Court of Justice in Establishing Responsibility for Genocide: Scrutinizing the Case of Croatia v. Serbia (2015)

Fazaeli, Mostafa; Setayeshpur, Mohammad

doi:10.22059/jplsq.2018.253329.1689

Document Type : Article

Authors

¹ Associate Prof., Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran

² Ph.D. in International Law, International Law Department, Faculty of law, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2018.253329.1689

Abstract

Following the application of Croatia against Serbia and Serbian counter-claim, before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the court has delivered its judgment in 2015 in respect of the crime of genocide that was after almost sixteen years from the beginning of the case. Under the influence of the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the court could not hold that alleged crime of genocide has occurred, that was because of a very high threshold for establishment of mens rea, implicitly considered by the world court. In this case, ICJ has had the opportunity to deal with some important aspects of the case, including specifically, succession of States in respect of international responsibility and acquiring the elements of genocide via solving the dispute. Despite its long process, this judgment not only could not improve dynamic aspect of international law but would even make The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide as an inefficient document. These aspects of this case and practice are under discussion in this paper.

Keywords

20.1001.1.24238120.1399.50.1.17.8

References

1. فارسی

الف)کتاب‌ها

1. ضیائی، سید یاسر (1392). درآمدی بر جدایی‌طلبی در حقوق بین‌الملل، تهران: شهر دانش.

2. عزیزی، ستار (1385). حمایت از اقلیت‌ها در حقوق بین‌الملل، نشر نور علم.

ب) مقالات

3. آذری، هادی (1380). «تعریف و توصیف نسل‌زدایی در پرتو رویۀ قضایی دادگاه‌های کیفری بین‌المللی برای روآندا و یوگسلاوی سابق»، پژوهش‌های حقوقی، ش10.

4. ذاکرحسین، محمدهادی (1393). «گذاری بر رأی دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری در پروندۀ شکایت کرواسی علیه صربستان»، قابل دسترس در:

http://www.icicl.org/details.asp?id=215

5. سیفی، سید جمال (1373). «وحدت مسئولیت «قراردادی و غیرقراردادی» بین‌المللی و آثار آن در حقوق معاهدات»، تحقیقات حقوقی، ش 13 و 14، ص 260-197.

6. شریفی، محسن (1390). «ارکان نسل‌زدایی در پرتو اسناد و رویۀ قضایی بین‌المللی»، تعالی حقوق، ش 15.

7. عزیزی، ستار (1386). «عناصر جنایت نسل‌زدایی در رأی 26 فوریۀ 2007 دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری و رویۀ دادگاه‌های ویژۀ بین‌المللی کیفری»، مجلۀ حقوقی بین‌المللی، ش 36، ص 34-9.

8. عزیزی، ستار؛ حاجی، محمد (1390). «تعامل بین ممنوعیت قراردادی نسل‌کشی و قاعده آمره ممنوعیت نسل‌کشی»، مجلۀ حقوقی بین‌المللی، ش 45، ص 51-13.

9. متاجی، محسن (1394). «بررسی عنصر روانی جنایت نسل‌زدایی در پرتو رأی دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری در قضیۀ کرواسی علیه صربستان»، مطالعات بین‌المللی پلیس، ش 23، ص 125-109.

ب) پایان‌نامه

10. صالح احمدی، کامبیز (1391). بررسی جانشینی دولت‌ها در زمینۀ اقلیت‌ها با تأکید بر مسائل جمهوری فدرال سوسیالیستی یوگسلاوی، پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد با راهنمایی محسن قدیر، دانشکدۀ حقوق دانشگاه قم.

2. انگلیسی

A) Books

11. Behrens, Paul & Henham, Ralph (2013). Elements of Genocide, Routledge.

12. Crawford, James (2013). State Responsibility: The General Part, Cambridge University Press.

13. Dumberry, Patrick (2007). State Succession to International Responsibility, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

14. Kuper, Leo (1981). Genocide, Its Political Use in the Twenieth Century, New Heaven: Yale University Press.

15. Lemkin, Raphael (1944). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress, Washington: Carnegie Endowment for World Peace.

16. Mcwhinney, Edward (1995). Judge Manfred Lachs and Judicial Law Making, Martinus Nijhuff Publishers.

17. Mettraux, Guenael (2006). International Crimes and the Ad Hoc Tribunals, Oxford.

18. Novic, Elisa (2016). The Concept of Cultural Genocide: An International Law Perspective, Oxford.

19. Schabas, William (2000). Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes, Cambridge University Press.

20. Wellens, Karel (2015). International Law in Silver Perspective: Challenges Ahead, Brill Nijhoff.

B) Articles

21. Brunn, Lori L. (1993). “Beyond the 1948 Convention – Emerging Principles of Genocide in Customary International Law”, Maryland Journal of International Law, Vol. 17, Issue 2, pp 193-226.

22. Milanovic, Marko (2007). “State Responsibility for Genocide: A Follow-Up”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp 669-694.

23. Morgan-Foster, Jason & Pierre-Olivier, Savoie (2007). “World Court Finds Serbia Responsible for Breaches of Genocide Convention, But Not Liable for Committing Genocide”, American Society of International Law, Insight, Vol. 11, Issue. 9.

24. Pellet, Alain (2012). “Article 38”, in A. Zimmermann et al., The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, 2nd edition, Oxford, pp 677-793.

C) Cases and Documents

25. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 9 December 1948, 78 UNTS 277.

26. Human Rights Watch (2018). World Report: Events of 2017, Seven Stories Press.

27. ICJ (1951). Reservation to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, 28 May.

28. ICJ (1954). Monetary Gold removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom and United States of America), Judgment.

29. ICJ (1992). Certain Phosphate in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment.

30. ICJ (1995). East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment.

31. ICJ (2003). Application of Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Judgment, 3 February.

32. ICJ (2007). Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and montenegro), Judgment, 26 February.

33. ICJ (2008). Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), 18 November, Judgment.

34. ICJ (2015). Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Judgment, 3 February.

35. ICTR (1998). Akayseu, Jean Paul (ICTR-96-4), 2 September.

36. ICTR (2002). Updated Statute, 14 August.

37. ICTY (2001). Sikirica et al (IT_95_8_T, 13) Keraterm Camp, 13 November.

38. ICTY (2006). Milosovic, Slobodan (IT-02-54). Kosovo, Croatia and Bosnia, 11 March.

39. ICTY (2012). Gotovina et al. (IT-06-90) Operation Storm, 16 November.

40. ICTY (2009). Updated Statute, 7 July.

41. ILC First Report on Succession of States in Respect of State Responsibility, 2017, 31 May.

42. UNGA (2016). A/71/10: ILC Report, Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy First Sess., Supplement No. 10, Annex B.

43. UNSC (1996). S/RES/1088, 12 December.

D) Analytical Blogposts

44. Anderson, Janet (2015). Inside the Marble Corridors of the Peace Palace: Croatia v. Serbia, 4 February. At https://justicehub.org/article/inside-marble-corridors-peace-palace-croatia-v-serbia

45. Jacobs, Dov (2015). A Commentary on the ICJ Croatia v. Serbia Genocide Case (Part I): Some Thoughts on an Anti-Cliamatic Result, 16 February. At https://dovjacobs.com/2015/02/16/a-commentary-on-the-icj-croatia-v-serbia-genocide-case-part-i-some-thoughts-on-an-anti-climatic-result/

46. Jacobs, Dov (2015). A Commentary on the ICJ Croatia v. Serbia Genocide Case (Part II): Judge Cancado Trindade’s Dissent and Thoughts on Natural Justice, 17 February. At https://dovjacobs.com/2015/02/17/a-commentary-on-the-icj-croatia-v-serbia-genocide-case-part-ii-judge-cancado-trindades-dissent-and-thoughts-on-natural-justice/

47. Milanovic, Marko (2014), ICJ Opens Hearings in Croatia v. Serbia, 3 March. At https://www.ejiltalk.org/icj-opens-hearings-in-croatia-v-serbia/

48. Milanovic, Marko (2015(a)), ICJ to Hand Down Croatia v. Serbia Genocide Judgment on 3 February, 22 January. At https://www.ejiltalk.org/icj-to-hand-down-croatia-v-serbia-genocide-judgment-on-3-february/

49. Milanovic, Marko (2015(b)). On the Entirely Predictable Outcome of Croatia v. Serbia, 6 February. At https://www.ejiltalk.org/on-the-entirely-predictable-outcome-of-croatia-v-serbia/

E) Websites

50. http://genocidewatch.net/genocide/ (Last visited: 17.10.03).

51. http://www.icj-cij.org/en/list-of-all-cases (Last visited: 17.10.03).

52. http://www.icty.org/en (Last visited: 17.10.03).

53. http://legal.un.org/docs/ (Last visited: 18.02.14).

54. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/StatuteInternational CriminalTribunalForRwanda.aspx (Last visited: 18.02.11).

55. https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%2078/volume-78-i-1021-english.pdf (Last visited: 18.02.11).

Public Law Studies Quarterly

Static Interpretation of the International Court of Justice in Establishing Responsibility for Genocide: Scrutinizing the Case of Croatia v. Serbia (2015)

References

References

Volume 50, Issue 1
Spring 2020
April 2020
Pages 333-351

Static Interpretation of the International Court of Justice in Establishing Responsibility for Genocide: Scrutinizing the Case of Croatia v. Serbia (2015)

References

References

Volume 50, Issue 1Spring 2020April 2020Pages 333-351

Volume 50, Issue 1
Spring 2020
April 2020
Pages 333-351