Document Type : Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistance Prof., Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The confiscation of property that is derived from crime in various criminal procedures has always been used as an effective weapon, and, with the development of domestic and international criminal law policies, it has made varieties of ways to spend this kind of property. Procedures such as establishing special crime victim funds or re-social using from funds derived from the confiscation of property derived from crime have been seen in domestic and international instruments. The important point that should not be neglected in this process is the need to adapt these practices to human rights, which has been mentioned in both judicial and internal documents as well as in international instruments. The need to strike a balance between spending confiscation interests of crime-related property in ways that empower victims of crime, such as terrorist operations or the empowerment of societies that are mostly targeted at criminals in the domestic or transnational scope and respecting the rights of third parties with good faith and distinguishing between legal and illegal property must always be considered in the confiscation proceedings.

Keywords

1. فارسی
الف) کتاب‌ها
1. ذبحی، حسین؛ مظلومی، علیرضا (1395)، اعتراض ثالث به ضبط و مصادرة اموال، تهران: مجد.
2. محمدی، حمید (1390)، ضبط، مصادره، استرداد و اخذ اموال حاصل از جرم، تهران: گنج دانش.
 
ب) مقالات
3. جلالی، محمود و دیگران (1395)، «جهانی شدن تروریسم و راهکارهای مؤثر در حمایت از بزه‌دیدگان آن»، پژوهشنامة حقوق کیفری، ش 13.
 
ج) اسناد
4. قانون مبارزه با تأمین مالی تروریسم (1394)، روزنامة رسمی، ویژه‌نامة 857(1395).
5. قانون مجازات اخلالگران در نظام اقتصادی کشور (1369).
6. قانون مجازات مرتکبین قاچاق، ‌مصوب 29 اسفندماه 1312، نمایه‌شده در مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس، 92804.
7. قانون مجازات مواد مخدر سال 1376، جمهوری اسلامی ایران، اصلاح‌شده در 1396.
8. قانون موافقت‌نامة معاضدت حقوقی دوجانبه در امور کیفری میان دولت جمهوری اسلامی ایران و دولت جمهوری هند، مصوب 1/6/1388، نمایه در مرکز پژوهش‌ها، 788982.
9. قانون موافقت‌نامة همکاری حقوقی در امور مدنی و کیفری بین دولت جمهوری اسلامی ایران و دولت جمهوری ارمنستان، مصوب 6/5/1387.
 
2. انگلیسی
A) Books
1. Boucht, johan (2017), The limits of Asset Confiscation, on the Legitimacy of Extended Appropriation of Criminal Proceeds, Hart Publishing, London.
2. G.Stessens (1997), Money Laundering: A New International Law Enforcement Model, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Hand Book (2011), Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative of The World Bank and UN office of Drugs and crime, Asset Recovery Handbook, A guide for Practice, Vienna.
4. Hartman, Andreas (2012), The Need For New Legislation Allowing Assets Confiscation To Be Used For Civil Society, Brussels: European Parliament,.
5. Ivory, Radha (2014), corruption, Asset Recovery and The Protection Of Property In Public International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Mohammadi, Hamid, (2011), Forfeiture, confiscation, recovery and collection of proceed of crimes,Tehran, Ganj Danesh Press (In Persian).
7. Simonato , Michele (2017), Confiscation And Fundamental Rights Across Criminal And Non-criminal Domains, De Droit , Canada: Academy Of De Droit European.
8. Stoyanov, Alexander (2014), "disposal of Confiscated Assets in EU Member States, Law and Practices", London: Center for The Study of Democracy,University of Westminster,.
9. Ulph, Janet (2010), Confiscation Order, Human Rights and Penal Measures, London: Sweet & Maxwell.
10. UNODC(2015), Good Practice in Supporting Victims of Terrorism Within the Criminal Justice Frame Work, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna.
11. UNODC, (2017) Effective Management and Disposal Of Seized and Confiscated Assets, Vienna: United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime.
12. Zebhi, Hossein& Mazloomi Alireza, (2016), Third party objection to Forfeiture and confiscation of property, Tehran, Majd Press (In Persian).
 
B) Articles
13. Alldridge, Peter (2002), "Smuggling, Confiscation and Forfeiture", The Modern Law Review, , Law Department of the London School of Economics, Vol. 65, No. 5.
14. E,Davis, Kevin (2003), "The Effects of Forfeiture on Third Parties", MC Gill Law Journal, Vol 48.
15. H Nelen (2004), "Hit Them Where it Hurts the Most? The Proceeds of Crime Approach in Netherlands", Crime Law and Social Changes, Vol.41.
16. Jalali, Mahmood& Mosavi Zeinabsadat, (2016), “Globalization of terrorism and effective strategies to support its victims”, Journal of Criminal Law, vol.13, pp. 73-99 (In Persian).
17. Tonry, Michael ( 2006), "Purposes and Functions of Sentencing", Crime & Just. 1.
 
C) Documents
18. (Code on non-conviction-based forfeiture), Law No. 1849 from 19 July 2017, which modifies Law No. 1708 from 2014,Colombia, Atr22
19. Australia Proceeds of Crime Act, 2002
20. Code of Criminal Procedure, French Republic, 2005
21. Criminal law of the Peoples of Republic of China(1997)
22. Drug Punishment Law of 1997, Islamic Republic of Iran, amended in 2017 (In Persian).
23. European Convention on Human Rights,1953
24. European Convention on the Compensation of Victims of Violent Crimes(1983)
25. Forfeited Property Sharing Regulations, promulgated under the Seized Property Management Act,Canada, 2018
26. Honduras Asset Forfeiture Act, published through Decree No. 27-2010, modified by Decree No. 51-2014
27. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999.
28. Law on Bilateral Legal Assistance Agreement in Criminal Matters between the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Government of the Republic of India, approved on 1/6/2009, index in the Research Center, 788982 (In Persian).
29. Law on Combating the Financing of Terrorism (2015), Official Gazette, Special Issue 857 (2016) (In Persian).
30. Law on Punishment of Disruptors in the Economic System of the Country (1990) (In Persian).
31. Law on Punishment of Drug Traffickers, approved on March 20, 1961, indexed in the Parliamentary Research Center, 92804 (In Persian).
32. Law on the Agreement on Legal Cooperation in Civil and Criminal Matters between the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Government of the Republic of Armenia, approved on 2008 (In Persian).
33. Proceeds Of Crime Act (POCA), U.K, 2002
34. The Comprehensive Crime Control Act, United State,(1984)
35. The Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism (2005)
36. The FATF Recommendation, Updated October 2018, Rec/38
37. The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) (2000)
38. U.K, Misuse of Drugs Act, (1971)
39. United Nations Convention Against Corruption, 2004, New York
40. UNODC, Implementation Review Group(2019),V.19-01601,
41. UNODC,(2017), Resolution 7/1, Strengthening mutual legal assistance for international cooperation and asset recovery.
 
D) Judgments
42. European Court of Human Rights , Bocellari And Rizza V.Italy, No 399/02, 13.11.2007
43. European Court of Human Rights , Gogitidze and Others v. Georgia , 2015, ECHR 158 (2015), press release, p.6
44. European Court of Human Rights , m Sud Fondi Sl V.Italy, No 399/02, 13.11.2008
45. European Court of Human Rights , Vrvara V.Italy, No.17475/09, 29.10.2013
46. Judicial Committee of the House of lords (2008)1 . A.C 1046
47. Judicial Committee of the House of lords, (2008)1. A. C.1028