Document Type : Article
Author
Assistan Professor, Law Department, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
Abstract
The European Convention on Human Rights describes prohibition of torture as an absolute right and in recent years the European Court of Human Rights has interpreted the expulsion of foreigners in the framework of that principle. But in these cases, the Court mitigates its point of view and doesn't apply an absolute parameter. In this research with an analytical-descriptive method, we’ll try to answer the following question: why in international law a right (prohibition of torture) is assessed as absolute, but in practice for foreigners the same principle is limited? At the end, we’ll prove that without a relativist interpretation of the Court, the sovereignty of European States about the expulsion of foreigners would be limited and this would entail negative economic consequences. Furthermore, without this interpretation, there would be problems also for the security of Europe. But this point of view raises criticism, because there is a duality in the Court jurisprudence: an absolute principle from a theoretical point of view becomes relative in the reality.
Keywords
- فارسی
الف) مقالات
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- انگلیسی
- A) Books
- De Weck, Fanny (2017), Non-Refoulement Under the European Convention on Human Rights and the UN Convention Against Torture, Leiden, Brill.
- Gerards, Janneke (2019), General Principles of the European Convention on Human Rights, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- Hamdan, Eman (2016), The Principle of Non-Refoulement under the ECHR and the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Leiden, Brill.
- B) Articles
- Arai-Yokoi, Yutaka (2003), “Grading Scale of Degradation: Identifying The Threshold of Degrading Treatment or Punishment Under Article 3 ECHR”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp.385-421.
- Gentili, Gianluca (2010), “European Court of Human Rights: An Absolute Ban On Deportation of Foreign Citizens To Countries Where Torture Or Ill-Treatment Is A Genuine Risk”, International Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 8, No. 2, 311-322.
- Ghadir, Mohsen & Kazemi Forushani, Hossein (2018). “Study of the Concept of Asylum in the View of Islam and International Law”, Comparative Study on Islamic and Western Law Review, Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp.119-148 (In Persian).
- Hamzeh, Qasem (2008), “Study About the Prohibition of Torture in the Islamic Legal System”, Fiqh and Islamic Law Review, Vol. 5. Issue 14, pp.67-88 (In Persian).
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- C) Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights
- Ireland v. United Kingdom, 18-1-1978, 5310-71.
- Soering v. United Kingdom, 7-7-1989, n. 14038-88.
- Mayeka and Mitunga v. Belgium, 12-10-1989, 13178-03.
- Cruz Varas v. Sweden, 20-3-1991, n. 15576-89.
- Vilvarajah v. United Kingdom, 30-10-1991, n. 13163-87.
- D. v. United Kingdom, 2-5-1997, n. 146-1996-767-964.
- Aydin v. Turkey, 25-9-1997, n. 23178-94.
- Kudla v. Poland, 26-10-2000, n. 30210-96.
- Price v. United Kingdom, 10-07-2001, n. 33394-96.
- Mouisel v. France, 14-11-2002, n. 67263-01.
- Shamayev v. Georgia and Russia, 12-4-2005, n. 36378-02.
- Jalloh v. Germany, 11-7-2006, 54810-00.
- Garabayev v. Russia, 7-6-2007, n. 38411-02.
- Salah Sheekh v. The Netherlands, 11-1-2007, n. 1948-04.
- Saadi v. Italy, 28-2-2008, n. 37201-06.
- N. A. v. United Kingdom, 17-7-2008, n. 25904-07.
- R. C. v. Sweden, 9-3-2010, n. 41827-07.
- Sufi and Elmi v. United Kingdom, 28-11-2011, n. 8319-07.
- Rustamov v. Russia, 3-7-2012, n. 11209-10.
- Azimov v. Russia, 18-4-2013, n. 67474-11.
- J. K. v. Sweden, 23-8-2016, 59166-12.
- S. K. v. Russia, 14-2-2017, n. 52722-15.
- ایتالیایی
- A) Libri
- Ambrosini, Maurizio, Abbatecola, Emanuela (2009), Migrazioni e società. Una rassegna di studi internazionali, Roma, Franco Angeli.
- Bartoli, Roberto (2008), Lotta al terrorismo internazionale: tra diritto penale del nemico, jus in bello del criminale e annientamento del nemico assoluto, Torino, Giappichelli.
- Del Coco, Rosita, Pistoia, Emanuela (2014), Stranieri e giustizia penale: Problemi di perseguibilità e di garanzie nella normativa nazionale ed europea, Bari, Cacucci.
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- B) Articoli
- Colella, Angela (2011), “La giurisprudenza di Strasburgo 2008-2010: il divieto di tortura e trattamenti inumani o degradanti (art. 3 CEDU)”, Diritto penale contemporaneo, N. 3, 221-247.
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- Vitiello, Daniela (2011), “L’obbligo di non-refoulement nella giurisprudenza di Strasburgo dopo la rivoluzione tunisina: considerazioni sul caso Al Hanchi”, Diritti CEDU, N. 1, 1-12.
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