نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین‌الملل دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 استادیار گروه حقوق دانشگاه پیام نور، سمنان (مرکز گرمسار)، ایران
3 دانشیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
این مقاله به تحلیل گسترۀ حق بر تعیین سرنوشت خلق‌ها در حقوق بین‌الملل در بحران جدایی‌طلبی ایالت کاتالان می‌پردازد. تمرکز نوشتار حاضر بر بررسی اعمال این قاعده در وضعیت‌های خارج از استعمار قرار گرفته است. درحالی‌که در مورد اعمال حق بر تعیین سرنوشت در وضعیت‌های ناشی از استعمار تردید وجود دارد و مردمان این سرزمین‌ها می‌توانند با اجرای این حق، دولتی برای خود ایجاد کنند، در مورد اعمال حق مزبور خارج از وضعیت‌های استعماری تردیدهای جدی ابزار شده است. در خصوص ایجاد حق بر جدایی چاره‌ساز نیز در حقوق بین‌الملل اجماع کافی وجود ندارد. در این پژوهش با بررسی حقوق عرفی و مهم‌ترین اسناد بین‌المللی ناظر بر حق تعیین سرنوشت، وضعیت ایالت به‌ویژه از رهگذر اعمال حق قومیت کاتالان در اسپانیا برای ایجاد دولت جدید مورد بررسی حقوقی قرار گرفته و در نهایت نتیجه گرفته شده است که استناد مقامات کاتالان به این حق برای رسیدن به استقلال در وضعیت فعلی نمی‌تواند در حقوق بین‌الملل به‌عنوان جدایی چاره‌ساز مورد قبول قرار گیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Catalan Separatism from the Viewpoint of the Right of Self-Determination in International Law
نویسندگان [English]
- Amin Karamzadeh 1
- Massoud Alizadeh 2
- Shahram Zarneshan 3
1 AM. student of International Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of International Law, Department of Law, Payam Noor University, Semnan, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Faculty of law and Political Science, Allameh tabataba’I University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
This article analyzes the crisis of secession in the Catalan region of Spsin in terms of the right to self-determination in international law. The focus of this paper is on the application of this rule to non-colonial situations. While applying the right to self-determination in colonial situation is well-established and the people of these lands can create their own government under this rule, serious doubts have been raised about the right of self-determination outside the colonial situations. There is no consensus about the right to remedial secession under international law. This article tries to examine the customary law and the most important international instruments dealing with the right to self-determination, in particular the right of Catalan ethnic minority in Spain to form a new state. It is concluded that the Catalan authorities’ reliance on this right for declaring independence faces serious legal difficulties.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Catalonia
- self-determination
- remedial secession
- unilateral secession
- Resolution 2625
- Spain
- فارسی
الف) کتاب‌ها
- عزیزی، ستار (1394)، حمایت از اقلیت‌ها در حقوق بین‌الملل، تهران: شهر دانش.
ب) مقالات
- اخوان خرازیان، مهناز (1386)، «تحول حق تعیین سرنوشت در چارچوب ملل متحد»، مجلة حقوقی مرکز امور حقوقی بین‌المللی ریاست جمهوری، ش 36، ص 142-95.
- عزیزی، ستار (1387)، «استقلال کوزوو: بررسی مشروعیت جدایی یکجانبه در حقوق بین‌الملل»، مجلة حقوقی مرکز امور حقوقی بین‌المللی ریاست جمهوری، ش 38، ص 45-11.
- ----------- (1394)، «بررسی مشروعیت جدایی یکجانبة کریمه از اوکراین: تحلیل رویه و عملکرد دولت‌ها»، مجلة پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی، سال نوزدهم، ش 1، ص 116-95.
- ویسی چمه، محمد؛ عزیزی، ستار (1398)، «مشروعیت و آستانه جدایی چاره‌ساز در حقوق بین‌الملل»، مجلة حقوقی بین‌المللی، دورة 36، ش61، پاییز و زمستان، ص 163-133.
- انگلیسی
- A) Books
- A. Cassese) 1991(, The Self-Determination of Peoples, in: The International Bill of Rights, The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, L. Henkin (ed.), New York, Columbia University Press.
- A. Gattini (2018), You say you’ll change the Constitutions: The ICJ Opinion and non-State Entities in the Kosovo Advisory Opinion, in: Kosovo and International Law, Peter Hilpold (ed.).
- Antonio Cassese )1999(, Self-Determination: a Legal Reappraisal, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- B. Sloan )1991(, United Nations General Assembly Resolutions in Our Changing World.
- Bruno, Simma; Khan, Daniel-Erasmus; Nolte Andreas Paulus, Georg; Wessendorf, Nikolai (ed.) )2012(, The Charter of the United Nations. A Commentary, vol. II, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- C. Buchheit (2020), Secession: the Legitimacy of Self-Determination, New Haven, Yale University Press,
- D. Raic (2002), Statehood and Self-Determination, The Hague, Kluwer Law.
- F. Forysth (1969), The Biafra Story, London, Penguin.
- H. Chiu (1979), China and the Taiwan Issue, New York, Praeger.
- Halpin , A.)1978(, Rights and Law Analysis and Theory, Hart Publishing, 1997, Ronald Dworkin, Harvard University Press.
- Ian Brownlie (1991), Principles of Public International Law, 4th edition, )2000(, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 513; A. Cassesse, Article 1, paragraphe 2, in : La Charte des Nations Unies: Commentaire article par article, J. P. Cot et A. Pellet (ed.), second edition, Paris.
- J. Crawford (2007), The Creation of States in International Law, 2nd edition.
- J. F. Escudero Espinosa (2017), Self-Determination and Humanitarian Secession in International Law of a Globalized World, Springer Verlag.
- Marcelo Kohen (2006), Introduction, in: M. Kohen (ed.), Secession. International Law Perspectives, Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press.
- N. S. Malcolm (2003), International Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- O. Sukovid (1972), Principle of Equal Rights and Self-Determination of Peoples, in: M. Sukovid (ed.), Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation.
- P. Hilpold (ed.) (2012), Kosovo and International Law, Nijhof, The Hague.
- Thomas Franck; Higgins, R; Pellet, A; , Shaw , M; Tomuschat (2012), Secession in International Law, in Kosovo and International Law, Brill.
- R. Shermann (1980), Eritrea: the Unfinished Revolution, New York, Praeger.
- R.Mullerson (2018), Self-Determination and Secession: Similarities and differences, in: P. Hilpold (ed.), Autonomy and Self-determination between Legal Assertions and Utopian Aspiration, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Schaefer, R (1991), Warpaths: The Politics of Partition, Noonday Press.
- Thomas Franck et el (2000), The Territorial Integrity of Quebec in the Event of the Attainment of Sovereignty, in: Self-Determination in International Law: Quebec and Lesson Learned, edited by Bayefski.
- B) Articles
- A. Peters (2011), “Does Kosovo Lie in the Lotus-Land of Freedom”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol.24, pp. 85-99.
- B. O’Neill (1978), “Armed Struggle in Palestine: a Political-Military Analysis”, West View, Dawson, pp. 124-140.
- C. Edmonds (1971), “Kurdish Nationalism”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 6, pp. 33-48.
- C. Ruiz Miguel (2015), “El principio y derecho de autodeterminacion y el pueblo del Sahara Occidental”, Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional, Vol. 31, pp.55-69.
- D. Jacobs (2011), “International Court of Justice: Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo”, Advisory Opinion of 22 July 2010, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 60, pp. 432-451.
- D. L. Johnson (1978), “Sanctions and South Africa”, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 19, pp. 880-891.
- E. Cantarow (1979), “The Secret War in East Timor”, Mother Jones.
- G. Anderson (2012-1013), “Unilateral non-colonial secession in International Law and Declaratory General Assembly Resolutions: textual context and legal effects”, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 41, pp. 350-363.
- G. J. Simpson (1996), “The Diffusion of Sovereignty: Self-Determination in the Postcolonial Age”, Stanford Journal of International Law, Vol. 32, pp. 245-260.
- International Commission of Jurists (1972), “East Pakistan Staff Study”, International Commission of Jurists Review, pp. 158-183.
- John Hume (1980), “The Irish Question: a British Problem”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 58, pp. 295-308.
- K. Kaikobad (1996), “Self-Determination, Territorial Disputes and International Law: An Analysis of UN and State Practice”, Geopolitics and International Boundaries, pp. 11-24.
- M. Koskenniemi (1994), “National Self-Determination Today: Problems of Legal Theory and Practice”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 43, pp. 241-265.
- M. Reisman (1972), “Who owns Taiwan: A Search for International Title”, Yale Law Journal, Vol. 81, pp. 340-356.
- M. Thibodeau (1979), “The Legality of an Independent Quebec: Canadian Constitutional Law and Self-Determination in International Law”, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 99, pp. 261-285.
- Marcelo Kohen (2013), ASIL Proceeding.
- Milan Sahovič (1972), "Codification des principes du droit international des relations amicales et de la coopération entre les États", RCADI, tome 137, pp. 245-260.
- N. Georg(1980), “Self-Determination in International Law: The Palestinians”, Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 12, pp. 47-62.
- O. Corten (2011), “Territorial Integrity Narrowly Interpreted: Reasserting the Classical Inter-State Paradigm of International Law”, Leiden Journal of International Law, pp. 85-97.
- R. Gray(1971), “The Southern Sudan”, Journal of Contemporary History, pp. 108-120.
- R. Lemarchand (1962), “The Limits of Self-Determination: The Case of the Katanga Secession”, American Political Review, Vol. 56, pp. 400-413.
- S. F. Van Den Driest (2015), “Crimea’s Separation from Ukraine: An Analysis of the Right to Self-Determination and Remedial Secession in International Law”, Netherlands International Law Review, Vol. 62, pp. 163-178.
- Sherif, Bassiouni (1976), “Self-Determination and the Palestinians,” Proceeding of the American Society of International Law, )1971(, p. 31; Dinstein, “Collective Human Rights of Peoples and Minorities”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 25, pp. 95-112.
- T. Hodges (1980), “Western Sahara: US Arms and the Desert War”, Africa Report, Vol. 25, pp. 39-52.
- Urrutia Libarona (2012), “Territorial Intergrity and Self-Determination: the Appraoch of the International Court of Justice in the Advisory Opinion on Kosovo”, Revista d'Estudis Autonomics i Federals, No. 126, pp. 168-184.
- Walt Van Praag (1979), “Tibet and the Right to Self-Determination”, Wayne Law Review, Vol. 26, pp. 54-80.
- C) Documents
- AG/R/1514 (XV), UN Doc. A/4684 (1961).
- A/RES/375, (6 December 1949).
- A/RES/50/6, 9 Nov. (1995).
- H. Espiel Gros, The Right to Self-Determination: Implementation of United Nations Resolutions, 11979 UN Sales, No. 79 XIV 5.
- ICJ Reports, (1995).
- ICJ Reports, (1975), Western Sahara. Advisory Opinion, (16 October 1975).
- ICJ Reports, (1986), Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua.
- I.C.J Reports, (1971), LEGAL CONSEQUENCES FOR STATES OF THE CONTINUED PRESENCE OF SOUTH AFRICA IN NAMIBIA (SOUTH WEST AFRICA) NOTWITHSTANDING SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 276 (1970).
- ICJ Reports, (2010), Advisory Opinion on Kosovo, Separated Opinion of Judge YUSUF, (22 July 2010).
- ICJ Reports, (2010), Advisory Opinion on Kosovo.
- Supreme Court of Canada, Secession of Quebec (1998) 2 S.C.R. 217.
- UN Doc. A/RES/56/83, (21 Dec. 2001).
)