Document Type : Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student in International Law, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Prof., Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

When it comes to collective security, and specifically collective security as a “system”, the existence of a sort of order and a form of rule of law is presumed. However, the distribution of power in the post-World War II era, which is based on the old balance-of-power pattern, has failed to realize collective security in its most developed form, i.e., as a deterrent against any violation of the prohibition on the use of force. That is where the issue of international terrorism, as a turning point in contemporary history, has made the dichotomy between self-defense and collective security more evident. It seems that the clash between these two concepts has caused the collective security system to be undermined if not completely destroyed, and thus be replaced with unilateral policies.

Keywords

  1. English

    1. A) Books
    2. Bull, Hedley (2002), The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, New York: Columbia University Press.
    3. Danchin, Peter G. & Horst Fischer (2010), United Nations Reform and the New Collective Security, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    4. Dinstein, Yoram (2004), War, Aggression and Self-Defence, London: Cambridge University Press.
    5. Dyke, Van (1957), International Politics, New York: Meredith Corporation, in: Ebegbulem, Joseph C. (2011), “The Failure of Collective Security in the Post World Wars I and II International Syste”", Transcience, Vol. 2, No.2.
    6. Glennon, Michael J. (2010), The Fog of Law: Pragmatism, Security, and International Law, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
    7. Higgins, Rosalyn (1994), Problems and Processes: International law and how we use it, Oxford: Clarendon Press, in: Wilson, Gary, (2014), The United Nations and Collective Security. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
    8. Kelsen, Hans (1964), the Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of its Fundamental Problems, New York: Praeger, in: Roele, Isobel, (2009), “Evaluating self-defence claims in the United Nations collective security system: between esotericism and exploitability”, PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
    9. Koskenniemi, Martti (2005), From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument, Helsinki: Finnish Lawyers’ Publishing Company.
    10. Krisch, Nico (2001), Self-defense and collective security, Berlin: Springer.
    11. Rourke, John T. & M.A. Boyer (1998), World Politics: International Politics on the World Stage, Brief. U.S.A.: Dushkin/McGraw Hill, in: Ebegbulem, Joseph C. (2011), “The Failure of Collective Security in the Post World Wars I and II International Syste”", Transcience, Vol. 2, No.2.
    12. Schwarzenberger, Georg (1964), Power Politics: A Study of International Society, New York: Praeger. in: Ebegbulem, Joseph C. (2011), “The Failure of Collective Security in the Post World Wars I and II International System”, Transcience, Vol. 2, No.2.
    13. Wilson, Gary (2014), The United Nations and Collective Security, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

     

    1. B) Articles
    2. Cirkovic, Elena (2017), “Incomplete World Order: United Nations Security Council Resolution 2249 (2015) and the Use of Force in International Law, Comparative Law Review, Vol. 8.
    3. Claude, Inis L. (1961), “The Management of Power in the Changing United Nations,” International Organization, Vol. 15, No.2.
    4. Ebegbulem, Joseph C. (2011), “The Failure of Collective Security in the Post World Wars I and II International System”, Transcience, Vol. 2, No.2.
    5. Franck, Thomas M. (1970), “Who Killed Article 2(4)? Or: Changing Norms Governing the Use of Force by States”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 64, No.5.
    6. Kammerhofer, Jörg (2004), “Uncertainties of the Law on Self Defence in the United Nations Charter”, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 35, No.1.
    7. Kennedy, David (1980), “Thesis about International Law Discourse”, German Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 23.
    8. Kolb, Robert (2007), “The Eternal Problem of Collective Security: From the League of Nations to the United Nations”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 26 (4).
    9. Koskenniemi, Martti (1996), “The place of law in collective security”, Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 17, No.2.
    10. Koskenniemi, Martti (2004), “International Law and Hegemony: A Reconfiguration,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 17, No.2.
    11. Krisch, Nico (2004), “The Rise and Fall of Collective Security: Terrorism, US Hegemony, and the Plight of the Security Council”, in: Walter, Christian, and Silja Vöneky, Volker Roeben, Frank Schorkopf (Eds.), (2004), Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Liberty?, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2004.

     

    1. C) Thesis
    2. Roele, Isobel (2009), “Evaluating self-defence claims in the United Nations collective security system: between esotericism and exploitability”, PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
    3. D) Websites
    4. Cheney, Dick (January 1993), “Defense Strategy for the 1990s: The Regional Defense Strategy, Washington, D.C.: U.S., Department of Defense. Available at: https://archive.org/ (last visited on 23/05/19).
    5. Sanger, David E. (11 March 2003), “Threats and Responses: Diplomacy; U.S. Says U.N. Could Repeat Errors of 90’s”, New York Times, Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/ (last visited on 23/05/19).
    6. Starski, Paulina (10 December 2015), “Legitimized Self-Defense – Quo Vadis Security Council?”, EJIL Talk!. Available at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/ (last visited on 23/05/19).
    7. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (December 2002), “National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction”. Available at: https://fas.org/

     

    Refrences In Persian:

    1. A) Books
    2. Beigzadeh, Ebrahim (2011), Law of International Organizations, Tehran: Majd Publication (In Persian).
    3. Chomsky, Noam (1996), World Orders Old and New, translated by: Mahbod Irani-Talab, Tehran: Ettelaat publication (In Persian).
    4. Chomsky, Noam; Vltchek, Andre (2013), On western terrorism: from Hiroshima to drone warfare, translated by: Maziar Kakvan, Tehran: Mehrandish Publication (In Persian).
    5. Falsafi, Hedayatollah (2015), Permanent Peace and Rule of Law, Tehran: Farhang Nashr No Publication (In Persian).
    6. Morgenthau, Hans Joachim (1948), Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, translated by: Homeira Moshirzadeh, Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publication (In Persian).
    7. Moshirzadeh, Homeira, Development in International Relations Theories, Tehran: Samt Publication (In Persian).
    8. Tajik, Mohammadreza (2005); Introduction to the National Security Strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran: Farhang Goftman Publication (In Persian).
    9. Wahnich, Sophie, In Defence of Terror: Liberty or Death in the French Revolution, translated by: Foad Habibi, Tehran: Ney Publication (In Persian).
    10. Žižek, Slavoj (2008), Violence: Six Sideways Reflections, translated by: Alireza Paknahad, Tehran: Ney Publication (In Persian).

     

    1. B) Articles
    2. Derrida, Jacques (2004), “Autoimmunity: Real and Symbolic Suicides,” in Terror and Thought, translated by: Nader Fatourechi, Amir-Hooshang Eftekahri-Rad, Cheshmeh Publication, Tehran (In Persian).
    3. Eagleton, Terry (2005), “The roots of terror”, in Terror and Thought, translated by: Nader Fatourechi, Amir-Hooshang Eftekahri-Rad, Cheshmeh Publication, Tehran (In Persian).
    4. Habermas, Jürgen (2004), “Fundamentalism and Terror”, in Terror and Thought, translated by: Nader Fatourechi, Amir Houshang Eftekahri-Rad, Cheshmeh Publication, Tehran (In Persian).
    5. Haji-Yousefi, Amir-Mohammad & Joneidi, Maryam (2018), “The Anti-Terorism Discourse and the Emergence of the terrorist groups such as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)”, Quarterly of Political Strategic Studies, Vol. 7, Issue 25 (In Persian).