Document Type : Article

Author

Assistance Prof., Department of International Relations, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

10.22059/jplsq.2020.267646.1842

Abstract

The end of the Cold War has led to profound developments in the sphere of thought, in particular, political concepts such as the principle of non-interference in internal affairs, the principle of sovereignty and the protection of human rights. Since the early 1990s, states have controversially resorted to the use of armed force to stop the blatant violation of humanitarian and human rights, namely humanitarian intervention. Accordingly, this paper seeks to answer the question whether humanitarian intervention can be justifies on the basis of Aquinas's "just war" doctrine? The hypothesis of the present paper is that the thought of Aquinas intervention is not rejected and has some legitimacy based on concepts such as legitimate authority, just cause, true intention and the principle of proportionality of the intervention. Due to the changing nature of the conflict and the concept of "military humanitarianism", it analyzes the doctrine of Aquinas' legitimate war and examines the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention within the context of Aquinas's theory of war, and the current understanding of the moral, legal, and political conditions of war.

Keywords

  1.  English

    1. A) Books
    2. Aquinas, Thomas (2003), Summa Theologiae' II-II,Question 40, Of War, First Article, in Brown, Nardin and Renger, eds, " International Relations in Political Thought: Texts from the Ancient Greeks to the First World War.
    3. Arnaud, Andre-Jean; Belley,J-G;Carty,J.A; Chiba, M (1983), Dictionnaire encyclopedique et theorie et de sociologie du droit ( Paris: Librarie generale de droit et de jurisprudence, E.J.A).
    4. Barry, James A (1998), The Sword of Justice: Ethics and Coercion in International Politics (Westport: Prager Publishers).
    5. Bentwich, Norman and Martin, Andrew (1951), Commentary on the Charter of the United Nations (2nd Ed; London: Routledge).
    6. Bull, Hedley (1977), The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press).
    7. Bull, Hedley (1984), Intervention in World Politics (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press).
    8. Coates, A.J. (1997), The Ethics of War (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
    9. Cushman, Thomas (2005), A Matter of Principle, Humanitarian Arguments for War in Iraq (Berkeley: University of California Press).
    10. Donnelly, Jack (2002), Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).
    11. Gaddis, John Lewis (1994), The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations (New York: Oxford University Press).
    12. Glennon, Michael J (2004), Legitimacy and the Use of Force, a paper submitted in preparation of the report of the High-Level Panel on Threats and Challenges and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility (New York, United Nations).
    13. Hehir, Bryan (1998), Military Intervention and National Sovereignty: Recasting the Relationship, " in Moore, Ed, Hard Choices: Moral Dilemmas of Humanitarian Intervention.
    14. Johnson, James T (2001), The Just-War Idea and the Ethics of Intervention," in J. Carl Ficarrotta, ed., the Leaders Imperative: Ethics, Integrity, and Responsibility (West Lafayette: Purdue University Press).
    15. Matlary, Janne H (2003), Intervention for Human Rights in Europe (New York: Palgrave).
    16. Mill, John Stuart (2002), “A Few Words on Non-Intervention,” in Chris Brown, Terry Nardin and Nicolas Rengger, ed., International Relations in Political Thought: Texts from the Ancient Greeks to the First World War (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press).
    17. Nardin, Terry (1983), Law, Morality and the Relations of States (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
    18. Randelzhofer, Albrecht (1994), Article 2 (4), in Bruno Simma, ed., the Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary (New York: Oxford University Press).
    19. Regan, Richard J (1996), Just War: Principles and Cases (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press).
    20. Ryan, Stephen (2000), The United Nations and International Politics (New York’s. Martin press).
    21. Scher, David (1998), Rethinking the Unthinkable after the cold War: Towards Long term Gold Nuclear Planning ", Security Studies, vol.7
    22. Teixeira, Pascal (2004), The Security Council at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: To What Extent Is It Willing and Able to Maintain International Peace and Security? (Geneva: United Nations)
    23. Tooke, Joan D (1965), The Just War in Aquinas and Grotius (London: S.P.C.K)
    24. Viotti, Paul R and Kauppi, Mark V (1999), International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism and Beyond (3rd ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon).
    25. Walzer, Michael (2000), Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (3rd ed., New York: Basic Books).

     

    1. B) Articles
    2. Henkin, Louis (1999), NATO, Kosovo Intervention, the American Journal of International Law, Vol 93.

     

    References in Persian:

    1. A) Books
    2. Foster, Michael B. (1988), Gods of Political Thought (Volume 1), Translated by Javad Sheikhul-Islami, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company (In Persian).
    3. Karmi, Jahangir (1986), United Nations Security Council and Humanitarian Intervention, Tehran: Office of Political and International Studies (In Persian).
    4. Sartipi, Hossein (2006), Humanitarian Intervention, Tehran: Strategic Research Institute (In Persian).
    5. Weiss, Thomas (2008), Humanitarian Intervention: Thought in Action, translated by: Zahra Noaparast, Tehran: Office of Political and International Studies (In Persian).

     

    1. B) Articles
    2. Abbasi Ashlaghi, Majid (2009), The Transformation of the Concept of Humanitarian Intervention in the New Millennium", Political-Economic Information, No. 281-282 (In Persian).
    3. Abbasi Ashlaqi, Majid (2010), Humanitarian Interventions and the Principle of Non-Intervention", Political-Economic Information, September & november, No. 169-170 (In Persian).
    4. Cessesh, Anthony (2008), "The International Legitimacy of Forcible Humanitarian Actions in the World Community", translated by Jafar Sarvi, Political-Economic Information, No. 154 (In Persian).
    5. Ebrahimi, Nabiullah (2007), “In the Evolution of the Concept of Humanitarian Intervention in International Relations”, Strategic Studies Quarterly, No. 38 (In Persian).
    6. Ghorbania, Nasser (2012), “Humanitarian Intervention from the Perspective of International law”, Legal Letter, 9th year, No. 37 (In Persian).
    7. Jalili, Tahereh & Imani, Hammet (2018), "Humanitarian Intervention and its Challenges", Journal of Political-Economic Information, No. 281-282 (In Persian).
    8. Lyons, Jenny M. (2013), "International Intervention, Government Sovereignty and the Future of the International Community", translated by Khojeste Aref Nia, Political-Economic Information, Year 8, No. 11-12 (In Persian).
    9. Momtaz, Jamshid (1379), "NATO Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo and the Principle of Non-Recourse to Force" translated by: -Morteza Mokhtari Amin, Foreign Policy Quarterly, Year 14, No. 4 (In Persian).
    10. Moslemi Mohani, Youssef (2007), "Evolution of the Concept of Humanitarian Intervention in International Relations", Majlis and Research Monthly, year 14, No. 57 (In Persian).
    11. Movasagh, Homan (2010), "Humanitarian Intervention", Mehrnameh, No. 11 (In Persian).
    12. Sharifian, Jamshid (2001), Internationalization of Human Rights", Foreign Policy Quarterly, Year 15, No. 3 (In Persian).
    13. Zakarian, Mehdi (2000), The Process of Converting the Fundamental Rules of Human Rights into Mandatory Rules", Foreign Policy Quarterly, Year 14, No. 4 (In Persian).