دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‏الملل عمومی، دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی،‎ ‎تهران، ایران‏

2 استادیار، عضو هیأت علمی گروه آموزشی حقوق عمومی و بین‏الملل دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه ‏طباطبایی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

تا می 2023، بیش از 180 مقررة مصرح در قوانین اساسی و عادی، سیاست‏های نظارتی و احکام دادگاه‏ها در بیش از 30 کشور، حقوق طبیعت یا شخصیت حقوقی طبیعت را به رسمیت شناخته‏اند. نگاهی کلی به تجارب این کشورها نشان می‏دهد که هرچند نحوة نهادینه کردن رویکرد زیست‏بوم‏محور جنبش حقوق طبیعت با باورهای هنجاری فلسفة حقوق زمین مطابقت دارد اما آنها به پرسش‏های هنجاری کلیدی پاسخ‏های متفاوتی می‏دهند، مانند اینکه کدام‏یک از مؤلفه‏های طبیعت دارای حقوق هستند، چه حق‏هایی باید به رسمیت شناخته شوند، چه شخص یا اشخاصی می‏توانند به نمایندگی از طبیعت اظهارنظر یا از آن دفاع کرده یا از جانب طبیعت اقدام به اقامۀ دعوا کنند. در این زمینه از مقایسۀ روش‏های متفاوت اتخاذشده در پنج کشور، اکوادور، بولیوی، ایالات متحدة آمریکا، نیوزیلند و کلمبیا این نتیجه حاصل می‏شود که تنوع نظام‏های حقوقی داخلی و ساختارهای سیاسی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی هریک از این کشورها، الهام‏بخش دو الگوی اصلی برای حرکت به سمت هنجارهایی زیست‏بوم‏محور بوده است. با وجود این، در برخی موارد، تعریف یا دامنۀ شمول حق‏ها، در هر دو الگو، نسبتاً مبهم باقی مانده‏اند که به نوبۀ خود می‏تواند حمایت مؤثر از این حقوق را در عمل با چالش‏ مواجه کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Reflection of the Rights of Nature Movement in Domestic Legal Systems and Judicial Precedent

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Irannezhadparizi 1
  • Mehriar Dashab 2

1 PhD. Student in Public International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabataba'i ‎University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Prof., Department of Public Law and Public International Law, Faculty of Law and ‎Political Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.‎

چکیده [English]

By May 2023, over 30 countries have recognized the rights of nature or granted the legal personality to natural elements through more than 180 provisions incorporated in constitutional and ordinary laws, regulatory policies, and judicial decisions. While the way of institutionalizing the eco-centric approach of the rights of nature movement is consistent with the normative beliefs derived from the earth jurisprudence, these nations present differing answers in addressing some critical normative questions regarding which components of nature possess rights, what rights should be recognized, and who may advocate for or litigate to protect these rights on behalf of nature. Comparing Ecuador, Bolivia, the United States, New Zealand, and Colombia reveals two primary models to adopt an eco-centric approach, influenced by diverse legal systems, political structures, and socio-cultural contexts. However, in some cases, the definition or scope of the relevant rights in both models remain vague, posing challenges to protect these rights effectively. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rights of Nature
  • Earth ‎Jurisprudence
  • Earth Law
  • ‎Rights of Mother Earth
  • ‎Legal Personality of ‎Nature
  • Domestic Legal ‎Systems.‎
  1. - انگلیسی

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    1. Articles
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    3. Finlayson, C. (2019). A River Is Born: New Zealand Confers Legal Personhood on the Whanganui River to Protect It and Its Native People. in: La Follette, Cameron, and Chris Maser (eds.), Sustainability and the Rights of Nature in Practice, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 259–278.

     

    1. Instruments
    2. Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador (2008).
    3. Framework Law of Mother Earth and Integral Development for Living Well (Law 300 of the Plurinational State of Bolivia), October 2012.
    4. Law 071-Law of the Rights of Mother Earth (2010), Bolivia.
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    6. Packer Township Local Control, Sewage Sludge and Chemical Trespass Ordinance (2010).
    7. Resolution Establishing Rights of Manoomin (2018).
    8. Tamaqua Borough, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania Ordinance No. 612 (2006).
    9. Te Awa Tupua (Whanganui River Claims Settlement) Act (2017).
    10. Te Urewera Act (2014), Public Act 2014 No 51.

     

    1. Cases
    2. Center for Social Justice Studies et al. v. Presidency of the Republic et al. Judgment T-622/16 Constitutional Court of Colombia (2016) The Atrato River Case.
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