Document Type : Article
Author
Assistant Prof. Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Humanities, Islamic Azad University Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran
Abstract
In various legal systems, diverse methods are employed to resolve administrative disputes, and each system follows a specific pattern for administrative litigation depending on various factors. The specific conditions of a country and its historical, political, and social contexts determine the unique characteristics of its litigation system. The presentation of content in this paper is comparative, aiming to describe and introduce different litigation models without prioritizing any particular system. In this article, based on criteria related to the structure of litigation, the method of conducting trials as inquisitorial or adversarial, and the degree of judicial oversight being open or limited, four patterns of administrative litigation have been identified In the first model, litigation is conducted in an adversarial manner, with administrative bodies performing a combined (administrative-litigation) function, and closed judicial oversight is exercised in general courts. In the second litigation model, independent courts separate from administrative bodies address administrative disputes using an adversarial method, and in the final stage, closed judicial oversight is applied by general courts. In the third model, litigation is handled by specialized courts that address administrative cases in an inquisitorial manner and openly. Finally, the defining feature of the fourth model is open judicial oversight in general courts.
Keywords
- administrative adjudication
- administrative tribunals
- inquisitorial adjudication
- adversarial adjudication
- judicial review
Main Subjects
- English
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