English

1. A) Books
2. Brill, L. (2018). Rules and Institutions of International Humanitarian Law Put to the Test of Recent Armed Conflicts. press Hart Oxford.
3. Henckaerts, Jean Marie, Doswald-Beck,L, (2005), Customary internayional law. Vol. I (Rules), Vol.II (Practice), International Committee of Red-Cross, Cambridge/New York: Cambridg University Press.
4. Julie, M.B. (2014). The War Crime of Child Soldier, RecruitmentOxford University Press.
5. Malcom, D. E. (2018). International Law. 5th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford.
6. Rogier ,B. (2017). The Interplay Between the Scope of Application of International Humanitarian Law and Jurisdiction over Alleged War Crimes Under International Criminal Law. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law.
7. Rosemary, G. (2019). Prosecuting Sexual and Gender- Based Crimes at the International Criminal Court: Practice, Progress and Potential, Cambridge University Press.

1. B) Articles
2. Longobardo, M. (2019). “The Criminalisation of Intra-Party Offences in Light of Some Recent ICC Decisions on Children in Armed Conflict. Journal International Criminal Law Review, (19), doi: 10.1163/15718123-01941553.
3. Petoft A. (2022). Children's Rights Instances against Violence. Child Rights Journal. 4(14), 49-62.
4. Nina H. B. Jørgensen, (2013). Child Soldiers and the Parameters of International Criminal Law. Chinese Journal of International Law, 9(3).
5. Rosemary, G, (2014). “Sexual Violence against Child Soldiers”,International Feminist Journal of Politics, 16(1).

1. C) Documents
2. African Charter on the Right and Welfare of the Childe, Organization of African Union,Doc.CAB/LEG/24.9/49 (1990), entered into force Nov. 29, 1999.
3. Cape Town Principles andBest Practices on the Prevention of Recruitment of Children into the Armed Forces and on Demobilization and Social Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Africa, 1997.
4. Charter of the United Nations (26 June 1945).
5. Elements of Crimes, ICC-PIDS-LT-03-002/11.
6. Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Aug 12, 1949. (Geneva Convention IV).
7. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, (16 December 1966).
8. InternationConvent On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights, (16December 1966
9. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 1125 UNTS 609, entered into force 7 December 1978.
10. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 12 August 1949, 1125 UNTS 3, entered into force 7 December 1978.
11. Report of the Secretary General on Children and Armed Conflict, U.N. SCOR, 57th Sess. U.N. Doc. S/2002/1299.
12. Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict, U.N. SCOR, 58th Sess., U.N. Doc. S/2003/1053, revised by U.N. Doc. S/2003/1053.
13. 2005/7, (2005), UN Commission on Human Rights.
14. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Art. U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/9, July 17, 1998.
15. statute special court for Sierra Leone. Available at http://www.sc-sl.org/
16. Universal Decleration of Human Right(10 December 1948)
17. UN, S.C. Resolutions S/1261, U.N. SCOR, 4037th mtg., U.N. Doc. S/RES/1261, 1999
18. UN, S.C, Resolutions S/Res/1612, U.N. SCOR, 5235th mtg., U.N. Doc. S/Res/1612.2005.
19. UN, S.C. Resolutions S/Res/2068, U.N. SCOR, 6838th myg,., U.N. Doc. S/Res/ 2068/ 2012.
20. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989, GA Resolution 44/25,44. No.49,UN Doc A/44/736, entered into force2September 1990.
21. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, adopted on 23 May 1969 and entered into force on 27 January 1980.

1. D) Decisions
2. Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Decision on the Defence’s Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the Court in Respect of Counts 6 and 9, supra note 92, para. 28.
3. Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon, and Gbao, supra note 46, para. 1723.
4. Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment pursuant to Article7 of the Statute, supra note19, Separate and Dissenting Opinion of Judge Odio Benito, para. 16.
5. Situation in DRC, Prosecutor v. Katanga and Ngudjolo Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, supra note 44, para. 329.
6. Situation in the Central African Republic, Prosecutor Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, ICC-01/05-01/08-3343, 21 March 2016, para. 75.
7. Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Prosecutor Germain Katanga, Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, ICC-01/04-01/07-3436- tENG, 7 March 2014, para. 43;
8. Situation in the DRC, Prosecutor Bosco Ntaganda, Decision on the Defence’s Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the Court in Respect of Counts 6 and 9, ICC-01/04-02/06-892, Pre-Trial Chamber IV, 9 October2015, para. 25.
9. Situation in the DRC, Prosecutor Bosco Ntaganda, Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of theRome Statute, ICC-01/04-02/06-309, Pre-Trial Chamber II, 9 June 2014, para. 74
10. Situation in the DRC, Prosecutor Bosco Ntaganda, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr Ntaganda against the ‘Second decision on the Defence’s Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the Court in Respect of Counts 6 and 9’, ICC-01/04-02/06-1962, Appeals Chamber, 15 June 2017, para. 46-48
11. Situation in the DRC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Second Decision on the Defence’s Challenge to theJurisdiction of the Court in Respect of Counts 6 and 9, ICC-01/04-02/06-1707, 4 January 2017, para. 40.
12. Situation in the DRC, Prosecutor Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on Sentence pursuant to Article76 of the Statute, ICC-01/04-01/06-2901, 10 July 2012, para. 60.
13. Situation in the DRC, Prosecutor Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, supra note 19, para. 627.
14. Situation in the DRC, Prosecutor Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, supra note 19, para. 29; see also paras. 30-34.

1. E) Websites and other sources
2. -casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icc-prosecutor-v-bosco-ntaganda
3. casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icc-prosecutor-v-thomas-lubanga-dyilo
4. ejiltalk.org/directand-active-participation-in-hostilities-theunintended-consequences-of-the-iccs-decision-in-lubanga/;
5. icc cpi.int/sites/default/files/CaseInformationSheets/LubangaEng.pdf
6. icc-cpi.int/drc/lubanga
7. icc-cpi.int/drc/ntaganda
8. icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CaseInformationSheets/NtagandaEng.pdf
9. icicl.org/details.asp?id=310
10. icicl.org/details.asp?id=568
11. opiniojuris.org/2012/03/18/lubanga-decision-roundtablethe-participation-of-children-in-hostilities/;
12. unicef.org/emerg/files/Cape_Town_Principles(1).pdf
13. unicef.org/emerg/files/ParisPrinciples310107English.pdf
14. unstudies.ir/iauns-forum

References In Persian:

1. Sack Kiti Chaisari, K., translated by Aghaei Jannet Makan, Hossein,(2014), International Criminal Law, Tehran: Jungle Publications, 4th edition (In Persian).
2. Karmi, R. (2023). The employment of children in the armed conflicts of Southwest Asia and its criminalization in the legal systems of Afghanistan, Syria and Iraq in comparison with international documents. comparative research of Islamic and Western law, 9(2), 112-75 (In Persian).
3. SalehI, Javad,(2016), “The Jurisprudence of the Criminal International Courts in Dealing with Gender-Based crimes on Girl Child Soldiers. Social Welfare Quarterly, 16(61) (In Persian).
4. Salehi, J. (2016). The Jurisprudence of the Criminal International Courts in Dealing with Gender-Based crimes on Girl Child Soldiers. Social Welfare Quarterly, 16(61) (In Persian).
5. Salehi, J., & Fakheri, N. (2014). The Procedure of the Trial and Appeals Chambers of the International Criminal Court in Amending the Charges against Lubanga: from Harmony to Conflict between the Regulations of the Court and the Rome Statute”, International Legal Journal, (51), 183-243 (In Persian).
6. Samavati Pirouz, A., & bigdeli, H. (2020). The Measures of Reacting to Pedophiles in Offenses against Children; Punishment or Treatment?. Child Rights J; 2(7), 11-29 (In Persian).
7. Mirmohammadi, S. M. (2007). Protection of children in armed conflicts (approaches of international law and Islamic law). Human Rights, 3(1), 55-80 (In Persian).