English
A) Books
1. Adler, M. D., & Himma, K. E. (eds.) (2009). The Rule of Recognition and the U.S. Constitution. Oxford University Press.
2. Austin, J. (1832). The Province of Jurisprudence Determined. 1st edition. J. Murray Publication.
3. Austin, J. (1995). The Province of Jurisprudence Determined. Edited by W. E. Rumble. Cambridge University Press.
4. Boyle, V., & Chinkin, C. (2007). The Making of International Law. Oxford University Press.
5. Brownlie, Ian (2008). Principles of Public International Law. 7th edition. Oxford University Press.
6. Charlesworth, H., & Chinkin, C. (2022). The Boundaries of International Law. England: Manchester University Press (Retrieved 2024).
7. Fellmeth, A. X., & Horwitz, M. (2011). Guide to Latin in International Law. Oxford University Press, Online Version; at: http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001/acref-9780195369380-e-2028?rskey=RKDVz3&result=2029 >1/16/2025.
8. Goldsmith, J. L., & Posner, E. A. (2005). The Limits of International Law. Oxford University Press.
9. Hart, H. L. A. (1961). The concept of Law, 1st edition. Oxford University Press.
10. Higgins, R. (1993). Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It. Oxford University Press.
11. Jansen, N. (2010). The Making of Legal Authority: Non-legislative Codifications in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Oxford University Press.
12. Kolb, R. (2013). The International Court of Justice. Hart Publishing.
13. Kramer, M. H. et al. (eds) (2008). The Legacy of H.L.A Hart: Legal, Political, and Moral Philosophy. Oxford University Press.
14. Malanczuk, P. (1997). Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law. 7th edition. Taylor & Francis.
15. Orakhelashvili, A. (2006). Peremptory Norms in International Law. Oxford University Press.
16. Ripstein, A. (ed.) (2007). Ronald Dworkin. Cambridge University Press.
17. Schwarzenberger, G. (1962). The Frontiers of International Law. Stevens & Sons Limited.
18. Shaw, M. N. (2008). International Law. 6th edition. Cambridge University Press.
19. Simma, B. et al. (eds.) (2002). The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press.
20. Tunkin, G. I. (1974). Theory of International Law. Translated by W. E. Butler. Harvard University Press.
21. Venzke, I. (2012). How Interpretation Makes International Law; On Semantic Change and Normative Twists. Oxford University Press.
22. Wacks, R. (2006). Philosophy of Law: A Very Short Introduction; Chapter 2-Legal Positivism. Oxford University Press.
23. Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
24. Zimmermann, A. et al. (2012). The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary. Article 38 (by A. Pellet). 2nd edition. Oxford University Press.
B) RDCs (Recueil des Cours)
25. Crawford, J. (2013). Chance, Order, Change: The Course of International Law. RdC, 365.
26. Franck, Thomas (1993). Fairness in the International Legal and Institutional System. RdC, 240.
27. Gaja, Giorgio (1981). Jus Cogens beyond the Vienna Convention. RdC, 172.
28. Simma, Bruno (1994). From Bilateralism to Community Interest in International Law. RdC, 250.
C) Articles
29. Allott, P. (1999). The Concept of International Law. EJIL, 10, 31-50.
30. Alvarez, J. E. (2002). The New Treaty Makers. Boston College Int’l & Comp L Rev, 25, 213-234.
31. Azarova, V. (2017). The Pathology of a Legal System: Israel's Military Justice System and International Law. Questions of International Law, Zoom In, 44, 5-20.
32. Beckett, J. A. (2008). The Hartian Tradition in International Law. The Journal Jurisprudence, 1, 51-83.
33. Bedaso, D. (2020). Nature of International Law: Is International Law Law?. Istanbul Aydin University, 1-28; at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3588897 >1/16/2025.
34. Bekrycht, T. (2018). Positive Law and Morality_Violence and Coercion. Juridiskā zinātne/Law, 11, 6-12.
35. Besson, S. & Marti, J. L. (2018). Legitimate Actors of International Law-Making: Towards a Theory of International Democratic Representation. Jurisprudence, Taylor & Francis, 9(3), 504-540.
36. Bisogni, G. (2021). The Question To Be Faced Is One of Fact H.L.A; Hart’s Legal Theory Through His View of International Law. Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence, 34(2), 283-295.
37. Bogdandy, A., & Venzke, I. (eds.) (2011). Beyond Dispute: International Judicial Institutions as Lawmakers. German Law Journal; Special Issue, 12(5), 979-1370.
38. Bolton, J. R. (2000). Is There really ‘Law’ in International Affairs?. Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, 10(1), 1-48.
39. Brand, R. A. (2002). Sovereignty: The State, the Individual, and the International Legal System in the Twenty First Century. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, 25, 279-295.
40. Bruch, C. (2006). Is International Environmental Law Really "Law"?: An Analysis of Application in Domestic Courts. Pace Environmental Law Review, 23(2), 423-464.
41. Bruch, E. M. (2011). Is International Law Really Law? Theorizing the Multi-Dimensionality of Law. Akron Law Review, 44, 333-373.
42. Brunnée, J. (2022). International Legislation. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL), Oxford Public International Law, 1-24.
43. Buchan, R. (2023). Non-forcible measures and the law of self-defence. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 72 (1), 1-33.
44. Butchard, P. (2020). Principles of international law: a brief guide. House of Commons Library, Briefing Paper, No. 9010, 1-11.
45. Cassel, D. (2001). A Framework of Norms: International Human-Rights Law and Sovereignty. Harv. Int'l R., 23, 60-63.
46. Criddle, E. J. (2024). Extraterritoriality’s Empire: How Self-Determination Limits Extraterritorial Lawmaking. AJIL, 118(4), 607-658.
47. D'Amato, A. (1985). Is International Law Really ‘Law’?. Northwestern Law Review, 79, 1293-1310.
48. Delperee, F. (2018). The Meaning of the Law. UNDP; RADA for Europe, 1-24.
49. Etinski, R. & Tubić, B. (2016). International Law and the Rule of Law. Annals FLB – Belgrade Law Review, LXIV(3), 57-74.
50. Felder, D. W. (1977). Command theory and international law. The Philosophy Forum, 15(3–4), 299-306.
51. Ferreira-Snyman, M. P. (2006). The Evolution of State Sovereignty: A Historical Overview. Fundamina, 12(2), 1-28.
52. Fidler, D. (1996). Challenging the Classical Concept of Custom: Perspectives on the Future of Customary International Law. GYBIL, 39, 198-248.
53. Goldsmith, J. L. & Levinson, D. J. (2009). Law for States: International Law, Constitutional Law, Public Law. Harvard L Rev, 122, 1791-1868.
54. Hadfield, G. K., & Weingast, B. R. (2012). What Is Law? A Coordination Model of the Characteristics of Legal Order. Journal of Legal Analysis, 4(2), 471-514.
55. Hassan, R. (2023). Law is a Command of the Sovereign Backed by Sanction: Austinian Command Theory of Law – Revisited. IJLMH, 6 (1), 2107-2116.
56. Hakimi, M. (2020). Making Sense of Customary International Law. MICH. L. REV., 118(8), 1487-1538.
57. Haque, A. A. (2021). International Law: System or Set?. EJIL:Talk! (Blog of the EJIL), Nov. 5; at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/international-law-system-or-set/ >1/16/2025.
58. Ho, N. P. (2018). Internationalizing and Historicizing Hart’s Theory of Law. WASH. U. JUR. REV., 10(2), 183-220.
59. Janssens, P. C. & Wouters, J. (2022). Informal international law-making: A way around the deadlock of international humanitarian law?. International Review of the Red Cross, 104(920-921), 2111-2130.
60. Golanski, A. (2022). The Rule of Law: “A” Relation Between Law and Morals. N. Ill. U. L. Rev., 42, 208-228.
61. Jones, M. L. (1984). The Legal Nature of the European Community: A Jurisprudential Analysis using H.L.A. Hart’s Model of Law and a Legal System. Cornell International Law Journal, 17(1), 1-59.
62. Kingsbury, B. (2012). International Courts: Uneven Judicialization in Global Order. In Cambridge Companion to International Law, Edited by J. Crawford & M. Koskenniemi, NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 11-05, 1-21.
63. Kleinfeld, J. (2010). Skeptical Internationalism: A Study of Whether International Law is Law?. Fordham Law Review, 78(5), 2451-2530.
64. Koh, H. H. (1997). Why Do Nations Obey International Law? (Review Essay). The Yale Law Journal, 106, 2599-2660.
65. Koskenniemi, M. (2007). The Fate of Public International Law: BetweenTechnique and Politics. The Modern Law Review, 70(1), 1-30.
66. Koskenniemi, M. (2013). Histories of International Law: Significance and Problems for a Critical View. TEMPLE INT’L&COMP.L.J., 27(2), 215-240.
67. Kwarteng, A. H. (2018). Is International Law Really Law?. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences (ARJASS), 5(4), 1-9.
68. La Torre, M. (2013). The Hierarchical Model and H. L. A. Hart's Concept of Law. Revus [Online], 21, 141-161.
69. Lefkowitz, D. (2017). What Makes a Social Order Primitive? In Defense of Hart’s Take on International Law. Legal theory, 23(4), 258-282.
70. Lesser, A. H. (2014). H.L.A. Hart on International Law. KRITIKOS (Journal of postmodern cultural sound, text and image), 11; at: https://intertheory.org/HartandInternationalLaw-AHLesser.htm >1/16/2025.
71. Lowe, V. (2012). The Function of Litigation in International Society. ICLQ, 61, 209-222.
72. Maisley, N. (2023). The Infrastructure of International Law-Making: How Buildings Shape the Publicness of the Global Law-Making System. AJIL, 117, 21-25.
73. Miotto, L., Almeida, G. F. C. F., & Struchiner, N. (2023). Law, Coercion and Folk Intuitions. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 43(1), 97-123.
74. Morgenthau, H. J. (1940). Positivism, Functionalism, and International Law. AJIL, 34, 261-284.
75. Morss, J. R. (2005). Sources of Doubt, Sources of Duty: Hla Hart on International Law. Deakin Law Review, 10(2), 698-707.
76. Natamiharja, R., Rudy, R., & Ali, C. (2021). Law Making Treaties: The Implication of International Law towards Indonesia’s Legislations. Jambe Law Journal, 3(2), 191-210.
77. Oliveira, H. (2023). A critical appraisal of H. L. A. Hart's The Concept of Law on international law. Lisbon Public Law Research Centre, Working Paper Series No. 2023-02, 1-24.
78. Pavel, C. E. (2018). Is International Law a Hartian Legal System?. Ratio Juris, 31(3), 307-325.
79. Pavel, C. (2020). Justice-aptness and international law. Revus [Online], 43, 1-8.
80. Payandeh, M. (2010). The Concept of International Law in the Jurisprudence of H.L.A. Hart. EJIL, 21(4), 967-995.
81. Pellet, A. (1992). The Normative Dilemma: Will and Consent in International Law-making. Australian YrBk Int’l L, 12, 22-53.
82. Pigrau, A. (2018). Reflections on the effectiveness of peremptory norms and erga omnes obligations before international tribunals, regarding the request for an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on the Chagos Islands. QIL, 55, 131-146.
83. Rabanos, J. A. (2025). On Coercion and the (Functions of) Law. In Sanctions: An Essential Element of Law?. Edited by N. Bersier et al., Springer, 13-35.
84. Riedl, C. A. (1948). How Can International Legislation Best Be Improved. Marq. L. Rev., 31(4), 259-271.
85. Roberts, A. & Sivakumaran, S. (2012). Lawmaking by Non-state Actors: Engaging Armed Groups in the Creation of International Humanitarian Law. The Yale Journal of International Law, 37(1), 107-152.
86. Starck, C. (2014). The Concept of Law from a Legal Point of View. European Review, 22(S1), S180-S185.
87. Seneviratne, W. (2015). Contemporary Validity of Customary International Law with Reference to International Law Making Process. Proceedings of 8th International Research Conference, KDU, 137-141.
88. Shany, Y. (2009). No Longer a Weak Department of Power? Reflections on the Emergence of a New International Judiciary. EJIL, 20(1), 73-91.
89. Singh, N. N. (1990). The Legislative Process in International Law: A General Comment. Bond Law Review, 2(2), 172-181.
90. Sivakumaran, S. (2017). Techniques in International Law-Making: Extrapolation, Analogy, Form and the Emergence of an International Law of Disaster Relief. EJIL, 28(4), 1097-1132.
91. Tanwar, P. & Poply, J. (2023). Instant Formation of Customary International Law in the 21st Century: Components, Challenges and Applications in Customary Legal Fields. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-44; at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4577238 >1/16/2025.
92. Tasioulas, J., & Verdirame, G. (2024). Philosophy of International Law. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edited by E. N. Zalta & U. Nodelman; at: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/international-law/ >1/16/2025.
93. Tladi, D. (2022). Representation, Inequality, Marginalization, and International Law-Making: The Case of the International Court of Justice and the International Law Commission. UC Irvine Journal of International, Transnational, and Comparative Law, 7(1), 60-90.
94. Ugli, A. J. J. (2020). Law Making by International Organizations. JournalNX, 6(10), 58-62.
95. Ulfstein, G. (2014). International Courts and Judges: Independence, Interaction, and Legitimacy. NYU Journal of International Law and Politics, 46, 849-866.
96. Voyiakis, E. (2016). A disaggregative view of customary international law-making. Leiden Journal of International Law, 29(2), 365-388.
97. Wolfrum, R. (2012). International Law. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL), Oxford Public International Law, 1-17.
98. Wolfrum, R. (2023). International Law Making. In Peaceful Maritime Engagement in East Asia and the Pacific Region, Edited by J. Kraska et al., 25 Oceans Law and Policy, Brill / Nijhoff, 19-29.
99. Woodbury-Smith, K. (2022). The Nature of Law and Potential Coercion. Ratio Juris, 33(2), 223-240.
100. Yasuaki, O. (2003). International Law in and with International Politics: The Functions of International Law in International Society. EJIL, 14(1), 105-139.
101. Ziegler, K. S. (2013). Domaine Réservé. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL), Oxford Public International Law, 1-14.
D) Theses
102. Hadjigeorgiou, A. (2021). Hart and the Oxford Jurisprudence Circle: Rediscovering the Lost Legacy of Customary Law. PhD Thesis, Supervised by P. Westerman et al., Groningen: University of Groningen, Date of defense: 7 January 2021.
103. Marcos, H. J. B. (2023). Consistency in international law: how to make sense of a decentralised and expansive rule-based world. PhD Thesis, Supervised by W. Menezes et al., Sao Paulo: University of Sao Paulo, Faculty of Law (Dual degree program with Maastricht University), Date of defense: 30 June 2023.
E) Instruments
104. Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001). Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its Fifty-third session, Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-sixth session, Supplement No. 10 (A/56/10), chp.IV.E.1.
105. Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law (2006). Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission, Finalized by Martti Koskenniemi, A/CN.4/L.682.
106. ILC First Report on Jus cogens by Dire Tladi, Special Rapporteur (2016). Sixty-eighth session, A/CN.4/693, 8 March.
107. ILC Fourth Report on Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus cogens) by Dire Tladi, Special Rapporteur (2019). Seventy-first session, A/CN.4/727, 31 January.
108. ILC Second Report on Jus cogens by Dire Tladi, Special Rapporteur (2017). Sixty-ninth session, A/CN.4/706, 16 March.
109. ILC Third Report on Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus cogens) by Dire Tladi, Special Rapporteur (2018). Seventieth session, A/CN.4/714, 12 February.
110. United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties (1969), First session, Official Records, Vienna, 26 March-24 May 1968, A/CONF.39/11.
F) Cases
111. ICJ Reports (1969). North Sea Continental Shelf Cases. Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark and Netherlands, Merits.
112. ICJ Reports (1974). Fisheries Jurisdiction. UK and Northern Ireland v. Iceland, Merits,
113. ICJ Reports (1986). Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua. Nicaragua v. United States of America, Merits.
114. ICJ Reports (1996). Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons. Advisory Opinion.
115. ICTY (1995). Tadić Case. Prosecutor v. Tadić, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 02 Oct.
G) Websites
References In Persian:
A) Books
1. Aledo, L. A. (2018). Le droit international public. Translated by M. Adib. Tehran: Mizan Publications. (In Persian)
2. Alhooii Nazari, H. (2013). Public International Law. Tehran: Publication Dadgostar. (In Persian)
3. Bagheri, M. (ed.) (2010). International Law and Legal Theory. Tehran: Mizan Publications. (In Persian)
4. Bledsoe, R. L., & Boczek, B. A. (1996). The International Law Dictionary. Translated by B. Aghai. Tehran: Ganjedanesh Publications. (In Persian)
5. Cassese, A. (1991). International Law in a Divided World. Translated by M. Kalantarian. Tehran: Centre for International Legal Affairs of the Presidency. (In Persian)
6. Fabre-Magnan, M. (2020). Introduction au droit. Translated by M. Adib. 2nd edition. Tehran: Mizan Publications. (In Persian)
7. Falsafi, H. (2004). International Law of Treaties. Tehran: Farhang Nashr-e-Nou Publications. (In Persian)
8. Falsafi, H. (2017). Seyrr-e-Aghl dar Manzoumeye Hoghough-e-Beinolmelal. Tehran: Farhang Nashr-e-Nou Publications. (In Persian)
9. Hart, H. L. A. (2014). The Concept of Law. Translated by M. Rasekh. Tehran: Nashr-e-Ney. (In Persian)
10. Joyner, C. C. (2008). International Law in the 21st Century. Translated by A. Kadkhodaie & A. S. Vakil. Tehran: Mizan Publications. (In Persian)
11. Kafi Anaraki, S. (2014). An Introduction to the Sociology of International Law. Tehran: Khorsandi Publication. (In Persian)
12. Movahed, M. A. (2014). Dar Havay-e-Hagh va Adalat. 4th edition. Tehran: Nashr-e-Karnameh. (In Persian)
13. Raz, J. (2015). The Concept of a Legal System; An Introduction to the Theory of Lagal System. Translated by A. A. Siapoush. Tehran: The Shahr-e-Danesh Institute of Law Research & Study (In Persian)
14. Siapoush, A. A. (2015). An Introduction to Contemporary International Law. Tehran: Majd Publication. (In Persian)
15. Teson, F. R. (2009). A Philosophy of International Law. Translated by M. Mohebi. Tehran: The Shahr-e-Danesh Institute of Law Research & Study. (In Persian)
16. Troper, M. (2019). La philosophie du droit. Translated by M. Kalantarian, 5th edition. Tehran: Agah Publishing House. (In Persian)
B) Articles
17. Akefi Ghaziani, M., & Akefi Ghaziani, M. (2020). An Analysis of the Nature of International Law in Herbert Hart's Philosophical Theory. Fares Law Research, 3(6), 93-105. (In Persian)
18. Azadbakht, F. (2013). Systemic Analysis, Concept, Characteristics, and Theoretical Foundations of the International Legal Rule, in International Community & International Law in the 21st Century (Collected Essays in Honor of M. R. Ziaei Bigdeli). Edited by S. G. Zamani. Tehran: Shahr-e-Danesh Publication, 105-130. (In Persian)
19. Bagherzadeh, R. (2022). International Adjudication in the Contemporary International Legal Order. International Law Review, 39(66), 165-196. (In Persian)
20. Bagherzadeh, R. (2022). The Ontology of International Law: From Denial to Theoretical-Functional Acceptance. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 52(2), 985-1005. (In Persian)
21. Bagherzadeh, R. & Ranjbarian, A. H. (2016). An Understanding of “International Law-making” in the light of a general concept of law-making. Law Research, 19(74), 169-192. (In Persian)
22. Baseri, B. (2022). A Critical Study of the Essence of the Rule of Recognition. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 52(2), 811-834. (In Persian)
23. Ghamami, S. M. M., & Azizi, H. (2016). Critical analysis of positive approaches to law (legal positivism) (Case study: Hans Kelsen and Herbert Harts' viewpoints). Public Law Studies Quarterly, 46(1), 139-159. (In Persian)
24. Kadkhodaie, A., & Amirshekari, A. A. (2015). An introduction to Koskenniemi’s Regressive Analysis in the structural study of international law. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 45(3), 361-380. (In Persian)
25. Kadkhodaei, A., & Firoozi, M. (2024). The Concept of Law in Pre-Constitutional Times: The Views of Mirza Malkam Khan Nazim Al-dawla. Public Law Researsh, 26(84), 45-78. (In Persian)
26. Kadkhodaie, A., & Maghami, A. (2016). The analogue structure of international law. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 46(3), 465-489. (In Persian)
27. Khosravi, H. & Zamani Ghadim, N. (2017). The Effect of Hebert Hart Legal Theory in Philosophical Analysis of International Law. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 47(3), 585-599. (In Persian)
28. Mellat, M. R. (2020). The Dynamics of Enforcement of International Law. Journal of Legal Research, 18(40), 213-239. (In Persian)
29. Tavasoli Naeini, M., Shahabi, M., & Nekoei, M. (2011). The Role of Fact in Creation of Legal Maxim. Jurisprudence and Islamic Law, 2(3), 57-88. (In Persian)
C) Theses
30. Bagherzadeh, R. (2016). International Law-making with emphasis on International Judicial Law-making; Theory and Practice. PhD thesis. Supervised by A. H. Ranjbarian. Tehran: University of Tehran, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Date of defense: 3 October 2016 (In Persian).
