Document Type : Article
Author
Former Assistant Prof., Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Judicial Scienses, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
In 1976, the United States enacted the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act (FSIA). The Act disregarded the immunity of States committing terrorism in U.S. courts. On 19 January 1984, the U.S. Ministry of Foreign Affairs designated Iran as a State sponsor of terrorism. In 1996, the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) was enacted by the U.S. Congress, which in lawsuits against terrorist States provided for financial compensation. As a result of these Acts, numerous lawsuits have been filed by U.S. nationals and in the U.S. courts against Iran. The U.S. courts sentenced Iran to compensation and confiscation of the Central Bank assets instead of State-owned property. The pleading of the Central Bank to the U.S. judicial authorities during the review and appeal proceedings was not successful and the Central Bank assets were confiscated. On 14 June 2016, Iran filed an application against the U.S. in the ICJ, referring to non-observance of State immunity and violation of the 1955 Treaty. The judgment of the Court on jurisdiction was issued on 13 February 2019. The present article examines this judgment in two areas of legal personality of State-owned corporations and immunity of State-owned assets and concludes that the ICJ, according to its inherent obligation, emphasized on the common intention of the parties as the basis of its jurisdiction.
Keywords
1. فارسی
الف) کتاب‌ها
1. عبداللهی، محسن؛ میرشهبیز، شافع (1382)، مصونیت قضایی دولت در حقوق بین‌الملل، تهران: معاونت پژوهش، تدوین و تنقیح قوانین و مقررات ریاست جمهوری.
ب) مقالات
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6. --------------- (73-1372)، «اجرای مقررات حقوق بین‌الملل»، مجلة تحقیقات حقوقی، ش 13و14، ص 98-29.
7. کدخدایی، عباسعلی؛ داعی، علی (۱۳۸۹)، «سلب مصونیت دولت ایران در محاکم آمریکا»، مجلة حقوقی بین‌المللی، ش ۴۳، ص 38-13.
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ج) قوانین
10. قانون پولی و بانکی کشور، مصوب ۱۸/۴/۱۳۵۱(۹ژوئیة ۱۹۷۲م.) مجلس شورای ملی، با آخرین اصلاحات تا۱۰/۲/۱۳۹۹.
2. انگلیسی
A) Books
1. Abdollahi, Mohsen & Mir Shahbiz, Shafe (2003), Judicial Immunity of the State in International Law, Tehran: Vice President for Research and Codification of Presidential Laws and Regulations.
2. Mcwinney, Edvard (1987), The International Court of Justice and the Western Tradition of International Law, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
3. Office of the Legal Adviser of the United States Department of State (2009), Digest of United Ststes Practice in International Law, First Edition by Elizabeth R. Wilcox, Oxford University Press.
B) Articles
4. Daugirdas, Kristina & Julian Davis Mortenson (2016), “Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law Source”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 110(2), pp. 346-389.
5. Daugirdas, Kristina & Julian Davis Mortenson (2016), “Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law Source”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 110(3), pp. 554-595.
6. Falsafi, Hedayatollah (1993-94), “Implementation of the Provisions of International Law”, Journal of Legal Research, No. 13-14, Pp. 29-98.
7. Falsafi, Hedayatollah (1994), “Developments in International Justice”, Journal of Legal Research, No. 15, Pp. 13-53.
8. Fitzmaurice, Gerald (1956), “The Foundations of the Authority of International Law and the Problem of Enforcement”, Modern Law Review, Vol. 19(1), pp. 164-189.
9. Francioni, Francesco (2009), “Access to Justice, Denial of Justice and International Investment Law”, The European Journal of International Law, Vol. 20(3), pp. 729-747.
10. Gogarty, Brendan and Peter Lawrence (2014), “The ICJ Whaling Case: science, transparency and the rule of law”, Journal of Law, Information and Science, Vol. 23(2), pp. 134-160.
11. Habibi, Homayoon & Shamloo, Soodeh (2014), “The Role of The International Court of Justice in the Development of International Law”, Public Law Research Quarterly, No. 41(4), pp. 71-114.
12. Haji Arab, Maryam & Ghari Sayed Fatemi, Sayed Mohammad (2020), “Marshall Case; Deep Harmonization of International Idealism and Realism”, Quarterly Journal of Public Law Studies, No. 50(3), pp. 1029-1054.
13. Imani Merkid, Maghsood (2014), “Immunity of the Central Bank of Iran in the United States: A Case Study of the Peterson Case”, Monetary Research Quarterly, No. 22, pp. 591-613.
14. Kadkhodai, Abbasali & Ali Daei (2010), “Deprivation of the Immunity of the Iranian State in US Courts”, International Law Review, No. 43, pp. 13-38.
15. Karamzade, Syamak (2018), “Issuance and Enforcement of US Court Judgments against the Assets of the Central Bank of Iran from the Perspective of International Law and US Law”, Bi-Quarterly Journal of Comparative Law Studies, No. 9(1), pp. 351-379.
16. Mousavi, Ali (2007), “United Nations Convention on the Immunity of States and their Property”, Foreign Policy Quarterly, No. 20(4), pp. 873-894.
17. Smith, Adam M. (2005), “Judicial Nationalism in International Law: National Identity and Judicial Autonomy at the ICJ”, Texas International Law Journal, Vol. 40(1), pp. 197-232.
18. Weatheral, Thomas (2016), “Flatow V. Iran”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 110(3), pp. 540-547.
C) Act
19. Monetary and Banking Law of the country, Approved by the Parliament on 9 July 1972, With the Latest Amendments until 29 April 2020
D) Judgments
20. ICJ Reports (1966), Case Concerning “South West Africa” (Liberia V. South Africa) (Ethiopia V. South Africa), Proceedings on Merit, July. 18.
21. ICJ Reports (2003), Case Concerning “Oil Platforms” (Islamic Republic of Iran V. United States of America), Judgment on Merit, Nov. 6.
22. ICJ Reports (2008), Case Concerning “Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters” (Djibouti v. France), Judgment on Merits, June 4.
23. ICJ Reports (2012), Case Concerning “Jurisdictional Immunities of the State” (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment on Merits, Feb. 3.
24. ICJ Reports (2016), Case Concerning “Certain Iranian Assets” (Islamic Republic of Iran V. United States of America), Application Instituting Proceedings, June 14.
25. ICJ Reports (2016), Case Concerning “Obligations Concerning Negotiations Relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament” (Marshall Islands V. India), Jurisdiction and Admissibility Judgment, Oct. 5.
26. ICJ Reports (2016), Case Concerning “Obligations Concerning Negotiations Relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament” (Marshall Islands V. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections Judgment, Oct. 5.
27. ICJ Reports (2017), Case Concerning “Certain Iranian Assets” (Islamic Republic of Iran V. United States of America), Observations and Submissions on the U.S. Preliminary Objections Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran, Sep. 1.
28. ICJ Reports (2017), Case Concerning “Certain Iranian Assets” (Islamic Republic of Iran V. United States of America), Preliminary Objections Submitted by the United States of America, May 1.
29. ICJ Reports (2019), Case Concerning “Certain Iranian Assets” (Islamic Republic of Iran V. United States of America), Preliminary Objections Judgment, Feb. 13.
E) Instruments
30. Letter from Dr. Javad Zarif, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, to Ban Ki-moon, UN. Secretary General (Apr. 28, 2016), Available at http://iran-un.org/en/2016/04/28/28-april-2016-letter-of-h-edr-m-javad-zarif-minister-for-foreign-affairs-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-addressed-to-h-e-ban-ki-moonsecretary-general-united-nations/.
31. United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, Signed at 2 Dec. 2004 by General Assembly, Not yet Entered into Force.
32. United States, Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, 1996.
33. United States, Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 1976.
34. UN Doc. A/CN.4/SER.A (29 April-19 July 1991). Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Forty-Third session), Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II (part2), Add. 1.
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