International Mechanisms for Establishing State Responsibility for Gender Discrimination in Education

Seyed Hatami, Maryam; Mosaffa, Nasrin

doi:10.22059/jplsq.2020.294616.2277

International Mechanisms for Establishing State Responsibility for Gender Discrimination in Education

Document Type : Article

Authors

Maryam Seyed Hatami ¹

Nasrin Mosaffa ²

¹ Ph.D. in International Law, Department of Public & International Law, College of Law and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

² . Prof., Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2020.294616.2277

Abstract

According to numerous international and regional human-rights instruments, states are obliged to respect and preserve the right to education equally and without any discrimination. Gender discrimination deprives girls and women of the right to equal education. The prohibition of gender discrimination has been directly and indirectly enshrined in regional and international instruments, and states have been called upon to provide equal access to education for all human beings. The main question of this article is about how to demand the implementation of the right to equal education from states in case of its violation. Based on this research, which has been conducted using and citing international and regional instruments, it will be argued that victims of gender discrimination can claim their rights through judicial, quasi-judicial, and non-judicial mechanisms at the regional and international level from the states.

Keywords

gender equality

gender discrimination

right to education

state responsibility

فارسی

الف) کتاب‌ها

انصاری، باقر (1393)، حق آموزش: حق کودک به آموزش در نظام بین‌المللی حقوق بشر، چ اول، تهران: مؤسسة مطالعات و پژوهش‌های حقوقی شهر دانش.
قاری سید فاطمی، سید محمد (1395)، حقوق بشر در جهان معاصر، ج 1 و 2، چ سوم، تهران: مؤسسة مطالعات و پژوهش‌های حقوقی شهر دانش.
میر عباسی، سید باقر؛ میر عباسی، فرناز (1395)، نظام جهانی ارزیابی و حمایت از حقوق بشر: مطالعه نقش ارکان اصلی و شورایی سازمان ملل متحد، ج 1، چ دوم، تهران: جنگل.

ب) مقالات

نیاورانی، صابر (1389)، «منزلت حق بر آموزش در نظام بین‌المللی حقوق بشر»، مجلة تحقیقات حقوقی، پاییز و زمستان، ش 52، ص 201-176.

انگلیسی

C( Documents

Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter (1995).
Additional Protocolto the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social andCultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador), (1988).
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, (1981).
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, (1990).
African Commission on Human and People's Rights, Free Legal Assistance Group and Others v. Zaire, Comm. No. 25/89, 47/90, 56/91, 100/93, (1995).
Charter of the Organization of American States, (1946).
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the inquiry concerning the Philippines, CEDAW/C/OP.8/PHL/1, (2015).
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Inquiry concerning Spain carried out by the Committee, CRPD/C/20/ (2018).
Country commitments to gender equality in education, ED/GEMR/MRT/2018/P1/27 REV.2.
Decision adopted by the Committee under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure, concerning communication, CRC/C/77/D/10/2017.
Decision Dupin v. France - right to education of autistic children, ECHR 030 (2019).
European Court of Human Rights, Osmanoğlu and Kocabaş v Switzerland App no 29086/12, (2017).
General recommendation No. 35, CEDAW/C/GC/35. (2017).
Guide on Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights, (2018).
Human Rights Committee, CCPR Leirvåg and ors v Norway, 2004, Communication No. 1155/2003, CCPR/C/82/D/1155/2003.
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, (2006).
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure (OP3-CRC), (2011).
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966.
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (OP-ICESCR), (2008).
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, (2003).
Realizing the equal enjoyment of the right to education by every girl, A/HRC/RES/32/20, 2016.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education, (2019), A/74/243.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education, Inclusion, equity and the right to education, (2017) A/72/496.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education, Kishore Singh, A/HRC/29/30/Add.2, Para: 60, (2015).
Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council, Realizing the equal enjoyment of the right to education by every girl, A/HRC/RES/32/20, (2016).
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report No. 33/02 (Friendly Settlement), Mónica Carabantes Galleguillos, Petition 12, 046, Chile, (2002).
The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (OP-CEDAW), (1999).
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 13: The Right to Education, (1999).
UN Committee on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, (2017), General Recommendation No. 36.
UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, A.S. v. Hungary, Communication No. 4/2004, CEDAW/C/36/D/4/2004.