Document Type : Article
Authors
1 Professor, Department of Regional Studies, Faculty of law and Political sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph. D in Private Law, Faculty of law and Political sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
There is no doubt that during wars, women have not only been the victims, but they have also been considered as influencers. Thus, in many international activities they are the aims of many conventions and resolutions based on planning for protecting them and keeping their human rights. Of course, in the domestic level, there are a process of law making and policy implementation to defend women in the time of armed conflicts and after that, especially in the process of peace keeping. The authors with a critical approach examine different policies and programs in this respect in Iran and the US and show disparity between men and women in this regard. This inequality is mainly the result of functions of social and cultural infrastructures of the societies. Although in Iran the procedures of law making has many difficulties in its nature. The main question of this paper is that: what is the impact of gender consideration in the implementation of protective rules for the people who have been engaged in different stages of the war? The authors focus on positive discrimination to reduce neglected condition of women in this respect in Iran.
Keywords
Main Subjects
English
- A) Books
- Bigio, J., & Vogelstein, R. (2016). How Women's Participation in Conflict Prevention and Resolution Advance U.S. Interests. Council on Foreign Relation.
- Black's Law Dictionary (2009). edited by Bryan A. Garner. Thomson Reuters.
- Gardam, J. G., Javaris, M. J. (2001). Women, Armed Conflict and International Law. The Huage; Boston: Kluwar International Law.
- Law Comission of India, (2015). Reforms in Guardianship and Custody Laws in India, Report No.257.
- National Action Plan for Implementation of the United Nation Security Council Resolution 1325, Women, Peace and Security, 2014 – 2018
- Panangala, S. V. (2006). Veterans’ Health Care Issues in the 109th Congress. CRS Report for Congress.
- Rayman, S. I., & Parker, E. (2018). Special Report, United States Institute of Peace.
- B) Articles
- Gome, Andera, (2013). Coverage for Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Survey Through the War. Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 19(2), 325-362.
- Kelly, Joan B. (1994). The Determination of Child Custody. The Future of Children, 4(1), 121-142.
- Lewis, Gregory B, (2013). The Impact of Veterans' Preference on the Composition and Quality of the Federal Civil Service. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(2), 247-265.
- Lindsay, S. M. (1918). Purpose and Scope of War Risk Insurance. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 79, 52-68.
- Sabreen, M. (2017). Law on the Custody of Children in Pakistan: Past, Present and Future. LUMS Law Journal, 4(1), 72-95.
- Smith, D. M. (2019). Keeping It in the Family: Minor Guardianship as Private Child Protection. Connecticut Public Interest Law Journal, 18(2), 271-354.
- Stimson, J. P. (2004). Veterans' Preference Act of 1944. In: B. K. Landsberg (Ed.). Major Acts of Congress, 3, 261-264. New York, NY: Macmillan Reference USA.
- Switzer, S. J.-A. (2016). Employment Policies for Post 9/11 Veterans: Lessons Learned and a Vision for the Future. SPNHA Review, 12(1). 110-127.
- Westergard, C. (2020). Questioning the Sacrosanct: How to Reduce Discrimination and Inefficiency in Veterans Preference Law. Seattle Journal for Social Justice, 19(1), 39-89.
- C) Websites
- Harvard Law Today, (2020), Veterans Legal Clinc Report Documents VA's Systemic Denial of Health Care to Veterans with 'Bad Paper' Discharges", Available at: https://today.law.harvard.edu/new-report-from-harvard-law-schools-veterans-legal-clinic-documents-the-vas-systemic-denial-of-health-care-to-veterans-with-bad-paper-discharges. (Accessed on: 16 October 2021)
- Larson, Arson, (2018), "What Is Child Custody", Available at: https://www.expertlaw.com/library/family-law-and-divorce/what-child-custody. (Accessed on: 15 October 2021)
- The Veteran Consortium, (No Data), "Our History", Available at: https://www.vetsprobono.org/about, (Accessed on: 20 October 2021)
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affair. (2012), "A Brief History of the Veterans Health Administration", Available at: https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/archives/docs/history_in_brief.pdf. (Accessed on: 18 October 2021)
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affair. (2021), "Brief History of the Bath and Canandigu VA Medical Centers", Available at: https://www.va.gov/finger-lakes-health-care/about-us/history. (Accesseded on: 17 October 2021)
References in Persian:
- Aghdasi, A. N., & Eydi, Ruhangiz (2011). A Study of the Relationship between Mental Health and Confronting Procedures among the Spinal Cord. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation, 15, 51-67 (In Persian).
- Javid, M. J., & Niknejad, Saman (2018). The Right to Happiness in Compensation of the Natural Rights of Veterans and Devotees. The Public Law Studies Quarterly, 48(1), 45-64 (In Persian).
- Hadi-Saeei, S. M., & Kamyab Mansouri, N. (2016). Remarriage of the Mother, Custody and the best Interest of the Child. The Public Law Studies Quarterly, 46( 4), 771-801 (In Persian).
- Sadeghi Moghadam, M. H., & Emamverdi, M. H. (2013). "Some Varieties of Ambiguity in Legal Propositions. The Jounal of Legal Studies, .5(2), .137-159 (In Persian).
- Fakouhi, N. (2005). Positive Discrimination as a Mechanism against Deprivation. Journal of Woman in Development and Politics, 3(3), 115-141 (In Persian).
- Gorji Azandaryani, A. A., Zare' Shahneh, A.R., & Fathi, Y. (2012). Justifying Reasons for Giving Employment Priorities to Isargaran and Veterans in Iranian and American Law. The Journal of Human Rights, 7(2), 111-138 (In Persian).
- Mazaheri, M., & Afghah, A. S.(1395). Criticism of the Legal Limitation on Maternal Child Custody after Death of Father in the Iranian Legal System. The Journal of Family Research, 12(3), 501-509 (In Persian).
- Mirshekari, A., Mokhtari, M., & Farahni, S. J.(2016). Balance Between Women Rights in the Constitution and Citizenship Commitments and Cooperation. The Journal of women's Studies, 7(17), 147-168 (In Persian).
- Mosavi Khomeini, T.- A. w. (n.d), Vol. 2 (In Persian).
)