Public Law Studies Quarterly

The Binding Origin of Extra-Contractual Rules of Human Rights

Document Type : Article

Authors

Ahmad Momeni Rad 1
Bagher Roozbahani 2

1 Assistant Prof. Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Ph.D. Student in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran (Pardise Alborz), Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2021.324007.2776
Abstract
Undoubtedly, human rights are among the achievements of modern international law. One of the most controversial topics in this field is the binding origin of its rules. It is obvious that those human rights rules that have a contractual origin are accepted by the signatories. But the problem starts precisely from the fact that some subjects of international law (international organizations) are not members of human rights treaties, except in exceptional cases such as the European Union, and in case of violation of the mentioned provisions, they will not be held responsible. To solve this problem, it is necessary to find a non-contractual source  which can cover all subjects of international law, especially international organizations.

Keywords

human rights
the binding origin of human rights rules
custom
general principles
mandatory rules
opinio juris
Subjects

  1. English

    1. A) Books
    2. Akehurst, M. (1974). Custom as a source of International law. 47 British YBI1,53.
    3. Brown lie, I. (1998). Principles of public International law. Oxford University Press, xxxi en 646 blz.;63s.
    4. Schachter, Oskar (1982). International law in Theory and Practice in << Recueil des course >>, B5,178.
    5. Johansen, S. (2020). The Human Rights Accountability Mechanisms of International Organizations. Universitetet i Oslo pp:1-5.

     

    1. B) Articles
    2. Nolte, G. (2020). The European Court of Human Rights and the Source of International Law. Seminar ,The Contribution of the ECtHR to the Development of Public International law, (23), September.
    3. Dimitri Jevis, V. (2006). Customary law as an International for the Protection of Human Rights. Institute for studies of Politie International, ISPI working papers 7.
    4. Hannum, H. (1995-1996). The Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International law. GA.J.INT'L Q COMP.L.(25), 287-397.
    5. Nayar, M. G. (1987). Human Rights: The UN and U.S Foreign Policy.19 Harv IL, 813816-817.
    6. Phry, H. (1976). International Bill of Rights: Scope and Implementation. 17 W m Mary LR, 527-529.
    7. Zenovic, P. (2012). Human Rights Enforcement via Peremptory Norms a Challenge to State Sovereignty", RGSL RESEARCH PAPERS NO.6.
    8. Criddle, E.J- Fox-Decent, E. (2019). A fiduciary theory of Jus Cogens. 34 Yale J. Int'/L, 331-339.
    9. Bianchi, A. (2008). Human Rights and Magic of Jus Cogens. The European Journal of International law, 19 (3), OE Jil, 491-503.
    10. Sehorana, Joseph (2016). The Determination and Enforcement of Jus Cogens Norma for Effective Human Rights Protection. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21(𝛿, Ver 7.
    11. Parker, K- Neylon, L.B (1989). Jus Cogens: Compelling the law of Human Rights. In Hastings International and Comparative law Review, Vol.12.
    12. Cherif Bassiouni, M. (1990). A Functional Approach to General Principles of International Law. Michigan Journal of International Law, 11(3).
    13. Simma, Bruno-Alston Philip (1988-89). The Sources of Human Rights law: Custom, Jus Cogens, General Principles. AUYRBK Int Law 5;2 Australian Year Book of International Law 82.
    14. Castellino, J. (2006). General Principles Relevant to International law. Iceland human Rights Center. human rights, is /en/ human rights- education-project/human- rights
    15. Rumianna, Y. (2017). Challenges in the Identification of the “General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations”: The Approach of the International Court. CanLIDocs 79,269-323.
    16. Eggett, C. (2019). The Role of Principles and General Principles in the ,Constitutional Process of International Law. Netherland International Law Review (66), 197-217.
    17. Sinclair,I. (1979).The Effect of Resolutions of the U.N. General Assembly on Customary International Law. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law). (73), 301-309.
    18. Scharf, M. (2014). Accelerated the Formation of Customary International Law. ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law, 20(2), 305-341.
    19. Kub M Ya ,A.Kadir (2011).The United Nations General Assembly Resolution As a Source of International Law,Toward Reformulation of Sources of International Law. Journal Hakum International, 8 (2), ,275-290.
    20. Lillich, R. (1996). The Growing Importance of Customary International Human Rights Law. 25 Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 1. https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/gjicl/vol25/iss1/2.
    21. Celin Van Den Rul,” Why Have Resolutions of the UN General Assembly if The Are NOT Legally Binding?”p.3,Junary 16 2016.at http://www.e-ir/2016/06/16/why-have-resolutions-of-the-un-general-assembly-if-they-are-not-legally-binding
    22. http://www.Cortetidh.or.cr./docs/opinions/sol oc 26 esp

     

    1. C) Documents
    2. Cf ,Advisory Opinion OC -21/14, para 60, November,9, 2020.

     Montreal Statement (1988). 9J. INTL COMd'N-Jurist, pp. 94-.59

    1. Committee on the Enforcement of Human Rights law (1992), Interim Report on the Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International law, in Report of the sixty-fifth Conference, P.446.
    2. Committee on the Enforcement of Human Rights law (1994), Final Report on the Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International law, in Report of the sixty-fifth Conference 524.
    3. International American Court, Judicial condition and rights of the undo Commented Migrants, Advisory opinion, OC-18/03 Ser A, No18, 2003.
    4. Report No 62/02. Case 12.285, 22 October 2002.
    5. Repot on the human rights situation in the republic of Iran by the special representative of the commission Mr. Reynoldo Galindo Pohl, appointed pursuant to resolution 1986/41, U.N.DOC.E/CN.4. 4/1987/23, Para 22.
    6. International American Court, Judicial condition and rights of the undo Commented Migrants, Advisory opinion, OC-18/03 Ser A, No 18, 2003.
    7. UNSC Resolutions 353(1974) of 20 July 1974 and 360(1974)of 16 August 1974.
    8. GA/ Res/73/203, 18,Dec 2018.

     

    1. D) ICJ REPORTS:
    2. C.J Rep, 1994: para. 4
    3. C.J Rep, 1951: para. 15
    4. C.J Rep, 1970: para. 3
    5. C.J Rep, 1951: Para. 23
    6. C.J Rep, 1980: Para. 42
    7. C.J Rep, 1996: Para. 14
    8. C.J Rep, 1996: Paras.226-46
    9. C.J Rep, 1966: Para.298
    10. I.C.J Rep, 1949:para.4
    11. I.C.J Rep,1951:para.15
    12. I.C.J Rep,1940:,para.3
    13. I.C.J Rep,1980:para.3
    14. I.C.J Rep,1986:para.14

     

    1. E) Cases

    59.Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against (Nicaragua v. U.S.A), merits, ICJ reports 1986 .

    1. Report No 62/02. Case 12.285, 22 October 2002.
    2. United States، court of appeals of the second circuit, Filartiga v. Pena Irala, 630 Fzd 878/1980.
    3. Kadi, at para 22: Yusuf at para227, March 9, 2008.
    4. European Court of Human Rights : Al-Adsani v. U.K(2001)34 EHRR 273,para61.International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Prosecutor v Furundzija Case IT95-17/I-T.38ILM(1999)317
    5. Case T-305/01, Yassin Abdullah Kadi v. Council and Commission 21/9/05.
    6. ECtCHR ,Volodina v. Russia,N.41261/17,9 July 2019.
    7. Inter-American Court of human Rights: Advisory Opinion OC-18/03,17 September 2003, IACtHR Series A 18(2003) para,101.

     

    References In Persian:

    1. A) Books
    2. Javed, M. J. (2011). Criticism of the Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights. Neshr Mokhatab, Vol. I (In Persian).
    3. Parveen, K. (2013). Basis and origins of international human rights system and Islamic human rights system. Tehran: Khorsandi Publications (In Persian).
    4. Tamoshat, C. (2012). Human Rights, translated by Hassan Sharifi Tarz Kohi, Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation, second edition (In Persian).
    5. Ziyai Begdali, M. R. (2012). International Humanitarian Law. Tehran: Ganj Danesh Publications, second edition (In Persian).

     

    1. B) Articles
    2. Abedini, Ab. (2017). Obstacles to compensating people who have suffered losses due to gross violations of humanitarian rights. Public Law Studies Quarterly, (3), 598-583 (In Persian).
    3. Jalali, M. (2003) Human rights in the decisions of the International Court of Justice. Justice Law Journal, (44), 33-54 (In Persian).
    4. Javaid, M. J., & Rostami, M. (2014). Theoretical dimensions and objective effects of natural rights in human rights documents and opinions. General Law Studies Quarterly, (3), 494-470 (In Persian).
    5. Motheghi, H. (2008). The influence of the United Nations on the adjustment of the principle of government consent in adhering to international obligations. Journal of Law and Policy Research, (26), 319-354 (In Persian).
    6. Nazari Elhowi, H. (2012). The position of general legal principles according to the opinion of the International Court of Justice. Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Science, (4), 55-37 (In Persian).
    7. Zarafshan, S. (2017). The relationship between the Martens condition and human rights in the new international legal order, Public Law Studies Quarterly, (2), 319-338 (In Persian).
Public Law Studies Quarterly
Volume 54, Issue 1
Spring 2024
Spring 2024
Pages 379-404

  • Receive Date 24 May 2021
  • Revise Date 20 October 2021
  • Accept Date 26 December 2021

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