Author
Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Science and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
A holistic approach to classic international law shows a picture of an agreed scattered collection of rules that necessarily has not harmony as a whole and such a collection cannot have a constitutional order, so contained a hierarchy of rules and ensuring fundamental rights. Still, recent lawyers described international law as a legal “system”. This paper with a descriptive method exams this claim and at first shows that current objectivism in all details of international law, as well as plurality of multi-interests active and passive actors of the international community, apparently obstacle acceptance of structural system. Secondly new approaches, necessarily results to accept subjective values and so a purpose-based convergence raised in the international community. As outcome of the thesis and the anti-thesis, international law is still developing and foregoes to a complicated structure and constitutional order by available facilities, promotes its structuralism.
Keywords
English
- A) Books
- Boas, G. (2012). Public International Law. Northampton: Edward Eelgar Publishing.
- Bederman, D. J. (2002). The Spirit Of International Law. Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
- Boucher, D. (2009). The Limits Of Ethics In International Relation, Natural Law, Natural Rights, And Human Rights In Transition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Chen, L. C. (2015). An Introduction To Contemporary International Law, A Policy-Oriented Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Covell, C. (2004). Hobbes, Realism And The Tradition Of International Law. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Crawford, R. (2000). Idealism and Realism in International Relations, Beyond the Discipline. London: Routledge.
- Gray, C. (2002). The Principle Of Non-Use Of Force, In The United Nations And The Principles Of International Law. Edited by Vaughan Lowe And Colin Warbrick. London: Routledge.
- Howse, R. L., & Nicolaidis, K. (2008). Democracy Without Sovereignty: The Global Vocation Of Political Ethics, In The Shifting Allocation Of Authority In International Law Considering Sovereignty, Supremacy And Subsidiarity, edited by Tomer Broude and Yuval Shany. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
- Hurrell, A. (2007). On Global Order Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Klabbers, J., Peters, A., & Ulfstein, G. (2009). The Constitutionalization of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ohlin, J. D. (2015). The Assault On International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Pulkowski, D. (2008). Structural Paradigms Of International Law, In The Shifting Allocation Of Authority In International Law Considering Sovereignty, Supremacy And Subsidiarity, edited by Tomer Broude And Yuval Shany. Oxford: Oxford, Hart Publishing.
- Skordas, A. (2007). Self-determination of peoples and transnational regimes: a foundational principle of global governance, in Transnational Constitutionalism, International and European Perspectives. Edited by Nicholas Tsagourias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Snyder, F. (2003). The Unfinished Constitution of The European Union: Principles, Processes and Culture, In European Constitutionalism Beyond The State, edited by J. H. H. Weiler And Marlene Wind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Von Bernstorff, J., & Dunlap, T. (2010). The Public International Law Theory Of Hans Kelsen, Believing In Universal Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wacks, R.(2006). Philosophy of Law, A Very Short Introduction, New York: Oxford University Press.
- B) Articles
- Charney, J. (1993). Universal International Law. AJIL, 87 (4), 529-551. https://doi.org/10.2307/2203615
- Mattheis, C. (2012). The System Theory of Niklas Luhmann and the Constitutionalization of the World Society. GJIL, 4 (2), 624-647. 3249/1868-1581-4-2-mattheis
- Lee, H. E., & Lee, S. (2010). Positivism In International Law: State Sovereignty, Self-Determination, And Alternative Perspectives. AYIL, 16, 1-24.
- Onuf, N. (1994). The Constitution of International Society. EJIL, 5 (1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035857
- Pureza, José Manuel (2012). New Regionalism and Global Constitutionalism: Allies, Not Rivals. ESIL Conference Paper Series, 2 (1), 1-12.
- Reus-Smit, C. (1997). The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of Fundamental Institutions. International Organization, 51 (4), 555-589. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081897550456
- Ulfstein, G. (2012). The Relationship Between Constitutionalism and Pluralism. Goettingen Journal of International Law, 4(2), 575-583. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2176224
- Vidmar, J. (2013). Rethinking Jus Cogens After Germany V. Italy: Back To Article 53?. Netherlands International Law Review, 60 (1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0165070X12001015
Documents
- Convention on Succession of States, 1978, Art. 11.
- ICJ (1986), Case Concerning Military And Paramilitary Activities In And Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua V. United States Of America).
- ILC, (2006), Conclusions Of The Work Of The Study Group On The Fragmentation Of International Law: Difficulties Arising From The Diversification And Expansion Of International Law, 2006, Adopted By The International Law Commission At Its Fifty-Eighth Session, In 2006, And Submitted To The General Assembly As A Part Of The Commission’s Report Covering The Work Of That Session (A/61/10, Para. 251). Yearbook Of The International Law Commission, 2006, Vol. II, Part Two.
References in Persian:
- A) Books
- Cassese, A. (1997). International Law in a Devided World. Translated by Morteza Kalantarian. Tehran: Tarh-e Now (In Persian).
- Falsafi, H. (2011). Perpetual Peace and the Rule of Law, The dialectic of sameness and difference. Tehran: Farhang-e Nashr-e Now (In Persian).
- Movahed, M. A. (2002). In the Sphere of Right and Justice, From Natural Law to Human Rights. Tehran: Karname (In Persian).
- B) Articles
- Azadbakht, F. (2011). Systemic Approach to International Law. Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, 3 (1). 135-171. https://doi.org/10.7508/isih.2011.09.005 (In Persian).
- Carbonnier, J., Mathiot, A. (2002). Structure in Private and Public Law. Translated by Nasser Ali Mansourian. Specialized journal of Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, 2 (2), 183-194 (In Persian).
- Christenson, G. (1998). World Civil Society and International Rule of Law. Translated by Hossein Sharifi Tarazkuhi. Rahbord, (15-16), 87-106 (In Persian).
- Falsafi, H. (2002). Right, Peace and Human Dignity: Reflections on the Concept of the Principle of Law, Ethical Value and Humanity. International Law Review, 19 (26), 5-130. 22066/CILAMAG.2002.18073 (In Persian).
- Falsafi, H. (2002-B). The United Nations and the Ideal of Humanity. Law Research, 5 (35), 7-30 (In Persian).
- Jalali, M., & Maghami, A. (2011). The Function of International Law in the Process of Globalization of Law. Law Quarterly, 41 (3), 97-116 (In Persian).
- Kadkhodaei, A., & Maghami, A. (2016). The Analogue Structure of International Law. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 46 (3), 465-489. https://doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2016.59468 (In Persian).
- Rawls, J. (2008). Political Liberalism. Translated by Morad Saghafi. Goftogoo, 52, 7-38 (In Persian).
- Rostamzad, H. G. (2005). International Community and Erga Omnes Obligations. International Law Review, 22 (33), 9-71. 22066/CILAMAG.2005.17971 (In Persian).
- Shahabi, M. (2013). From modern law to postmodern law; A reflection on the basics of legal system evolution. Law Research, 16 (62), 637-686 (In Persian).
)