نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشآموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
2 استادیار دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
همانطورکه در دعاوی مطروحه در محاکم داخلی به لحاظ حقوقی مداخلۀ دو یا چند شخص در ایجاد یک نتیجۀ زیانبار و متعاقباً احراز مسئولیت اشخاص متعدد امری مبتلابه است، در عرصۀ حقوق بینالملل نیز وقوع چنین وضعیتی متصور است. در این فضا مفهومی تحت عنوان مسئولیت بینالمللی مشترک پدیدار میشود؛ در واقع، چنانچه در نتیجۀ رفتار متخلفانۀ بینالمللی دولتها و بازیگران متعددی، نتیجهای واحد رقم بخورد، امکان بهاشتراک گذاشتن مسئولیت بینالمللی فیمابین این اشخاص وجود خواهد داشت. بیشک در این باره آیین دادرسی حاکم بر دعاوی مذکور اهمیت شایانی دارد؛ چراکه ماهیت منحصربهفرد این دعاوی گاه محاکم را با سردرگمیهایی همچون چالشهای صلاحیتی نسبت به خواندگان متعدد و یا نحوۀ مدیریت دعوا و اشخاص حاضر در پرونده و همچنین ارزیابی تأثیر عدم حضور اشخاصی که بهنحوی به دعوا و مسئولیت بینالمللی مورد استناد ارتباط مییابند، مواجه میکند. یافتۀ اصلی پژوهش حاضر، احراز عدم استقرار رویهای ثابت در میان محاکم بینالمللی از جمله دیوان بینالمللی دادگستری و یا دیوان اروپایی حقوق بشر از منظر آیین حاکم بر رسیدگی به دعاوی ناظر بر مسئولیت بینالمللی مشترک است که شاید بتوان دلیل این مسئله را در عدم استفاده از ظرفیتهای قواعد موضوعه و نبود پیشبینی راهکارهای متناسب در فروض ایجاد مسئولیت مشترک در بستر دعاوی چندجانبه جستوجو کرد.
کلیدواژهها
- صدور احکام هماهنگ
- قابلیت پذیرش دعاوی
- قاعدۀ طلای پولی
- قواعد صلاحیتی محاکم بینالمللی
- مسئولیت بینالمللی مشترک.
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Challenges of International Shared Responsibility Litigations in International Tribunals
نویسندگان [English]
- Delaram Ahmadi Bakhtiari 1
- Seyed Hadi Mahmoudi 2
1 Graduated Student of Masters of International law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Just as in the lawsuits filed in domestic courts, the interference of two or more persons in creating a harmful outcome and subsequently establishing the responsibility of multiple persons is a common phenomenon, in the field of international law, such a situation is also conceivable. In this area a concept called shared international responsibility emerges. In fact, if a single outcome is created as a result of the international wrongful act of several actors and governments, it will be possible to share international responsibility among these actors. Undoubtedly, the procedural rules governing the aforementioned lawsuits is important; since the unique nature of these lawsuits sometimes confronts the tribunals with confusions such as jurisdictional challenges toward multiple respondents or handling lawsuit and parties of the case and evaluating the impact of the absence of persons who are somehow related to the lawsuit and international responsibility cited. The main finding of this research is non-establishment of a fixed procedure among international tribunals regarding the rules governing the cases of shared international responsibility, which perhaps its reason can be found in not-using the capacities of positive law and not-predicting proper solutions in the situations of shared responsibility in the context of multilateral lawsuits.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- concerted adjudication
- admissibility of lawsuits
- monetary gold principle
- jurisdictional rules of international tribunals
- international shared responsibility.
- فارسی
الف) کتابها
- ابراهیم گل، علیرضا ( (1396). مسئولیت بینالمللی دولت؛ متن و شرح مواد کمیسیون حقوق بینالملل. تهران: مؤسسۀ مطالعات و پژوهشهای حقوقی شهر دانش.
- بیگزاده، ابراهیم (1391). حقوق سازمانهای بینالمللی. تهران: مجد.
- کرافورد، جیمز (1395). حقوق مسئولیت بینالمللی (قواعد عمومی). ترجمۀ علیرضا ابراهیم گل و همکاران، تهران: سنگلج.
ب) مقالات
- باقرزاده، رضوان (1401). دادرسی بینالمللی در نظم معاصر حقوق بینالملل. مجلۀ حقوقی بینالمللی، ۳۹ (۶۶).
- جلالی، سودبر (1399). تأثیر دیوان اروپایی حقوق بشر در نظام حقوق داخلی دولتهای اروپایی. مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی، ۱۱ (۱)، ۵۹-۷۹.
- ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا؛ ترازی، نسرین (1399). توزیع جبران خسارت در وضعیت مسئولیت مشترک بینالمللی. مجلۀ حقوقی بینالمللی، (63)، ۲۹-۵۰.
- فلسفی، هدایتالله (1373). اجرای مقررات حقوق بینالملل. فصلنامۀ تحقیقات حقوقی، (13 و 14)، ۲۹-۹۸.
۲. انگلیسی
- A) Books
- Argent, P. (2014). Invocation of Responsibility. In Principles of Shared Responsibility in International Law: An Appraisal of the State of the Art. edited by Nollkaemper, A. & Plakokefalos, I. Cambridge University Press.
- Bonafé, B. I. (2015). Indispensable Party, Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law. Oxford University Press.
- Fitzmaurice, M. (1985). Rosenne’s The Law and Practice of the International Court: 1920–1996. 2nd ed. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
- Kolb, R. (2006). General Principles of Procedural Law. In The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary. by Zimmermann, A.; Tams, C. J. & Oellers-Frahm, k. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Mani, V.S. (1980), International Adjudication: Procedural Aspects. Brill Nijhoff.
- Merrills, J. G. (2005). International Dispute Settlement. 4th ed. Cambridge University Press.
- Orakhelashvili, A., Crawford, J., Pellet, A., Olleson, S., & Parlett, K. (2010) Division of Reparation between Responsible Entities. In The Law of International Responsibility. Oxford Commentaries on Interna.
- B) Articles
- Bartels, L. (2013). Procedural Aspects of Shared Responsibility in the WTO Dispute Settlement System. Journal of International Dispute Settlement.4(2), 343-359.
- Den Heijer, M. (2013). Procedural Aspects of Shared Responsibility in the European Court of Human Rights. Journal of International Dispute Settlement. 4(2), 361-383.
- Den Heijer, M. (2013). Shared Responsibility Before the European Court of Human Rights. Netherlands International Law Review.60(3), 411-440.
- Nollkaemper, A. & Jacobs, D. (2012). Shared Responsibility in International Law: A Conceptual Framework. Mich. J. Int’l L. 34(2), 359.
- Nollkaemper, A. (2013). Procedural Aspects of Shared Responsibility in International Adjudication: Introduction. Amsterdam Law School Legal Studies Research Paper. 18.
13.Nollkaemper, A. (2014). Concerted Adjudication in Cases of Shared Responsibility. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics. 46(3), 809–847.
- Nollkaemper, A.; d’Aspremont, J.; Ahlborn, C.; Boutin, B.; Nedeski, N.; Plakokefalos, I. & Jacobs, D. (2020). Guiding principles on shared responsibility in international law. European Journal of International Law.31(1), 15-72.
- Orakhelashvili, A. (2011). The Competence of the International Court of Justice and the Doctrine of the Indispensable Party: from Monetary Gold to East Timor and Beyond. Journal of International Dispute Settlement.2(2), 373-392.
- Paparinskis, M. (2013). Procedural Aspects of Shared Responsibility in the International Court of Justice. Journal of International Dispute Settlement. 4(2), 295–318.
- C) Documents
- European Court of Human Rights. (2023). “Rules of Court,” Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
- European Court of Human Rights. (June 1, 2010). “European Convention on Human Rights,” Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
- International Court of Justice. (1978). “Rules of Court”.
- International Law Commission. (January 1996). “Draft Articles on State Responsibility with Commentary”.
- International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. (28 October 1997). “Rules of the Tribunal,” ITLOS/8.
- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. (1982). “Statute of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea,” 1833 UNTS 3.
- World Trade Organization. (1994). "Annex 2: Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes," WTO Agreement.
- World Trade Organization. (2017). “Dispute Settlement Understanding,” Annex 2 of the WTO Agreement.
Cases
- ECHR. (10 May 2001). Cyprus v Turkey, No. 25781/94.
- ECHR. (2 May 2007). Behrami and Behrami v France and Saramati v France, Germany and Norway, Nos. 71412/01 and 78166/01.
- ECHR. (21 January 2011) Bankovic and others v Belgium and 16 other States, No 52207/99.
- ECHR. (21 January 2011). M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece, No. 30696/09.
- ECHR. (23 April 2002). Aziz v Cyprus, Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom, No. 69949/01.
- ECHR. (24 October 2002). Mastromatteo v. Italy, No. 37703/97.
- ECHR. (27 Oct 2011). Stojkovic v. France and Belgium, No 25303/08.
- ECHR. (28 July 1998). Loizidou v. Turkey, No. 40/1993/435/514.
- ECHR. (30 June 2006). Bosphorus v Ireland, No 45036/98.
- ECHR. (7 July 2011). Al-Jedda v. the United Kingdom, No. 27021/08.
- ECHR. (8 July 2004). Ilaşcu and Others v. Moldova and Russia, No. 48787/99.
- ICJ. (15 June 1954). Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America), No. 19.
- ICJ. (26 May 1959). Aerial Incident of July 27th 1955 (Israel v Bulgaria), Preliminary Objections, ICJ Rep 127.
- ICJ. (26 May 1959). Aerial Incident of July 27th 1955 (UK v Bulgaria), Preliminary Objections, ICJ Rep 264.
- ICJ. (30 May 1960). Aerial Incident of July 27th 1955 (US v Bulgaria), Order, ICJ Rep 146.
- ICJ. (26 June 1992). Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v Australia), Preliminary Objections, Separate Opinion Judge Shahabuddeen.
- ICJ. (26 June 1992). Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), No. 616.
- ICJ. (27 February 1998). Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libya v UK), Preliminary Objections, ICJ Rep 9, Joint Declaration of Judges Bedjaoui, Guillaume and Ranjeva.
- ICJ. (23 June 1999). Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi), Application of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- ICJ. (23 June 1999). Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Application of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- ICJ. (23 June 1999). Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Application of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- ICJ. (2 February 1973). Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdom v. Iceland), No. 55.
- ICJ. (2 February 2018). Land Boundary in the Northern Part of Isla Portillos (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), No. 165.
- ICJ. (2 February 2018). Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), No. 157.
- ICJ. (15 December 2004). Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), Preliminary Objections, Judgment.
- ICJ. (26 February 2007). Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), No. 91.
- ICJ. (26 November 1986). Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), No. 70.
- ICJ. (30 June 1995). Case Concerning East Timor (Portugal v. Australia).
- ICJ. (6 November 2003). Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Separate Opinion of Judge Simma, No. 90.
- International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. (10 April 2019). The M/V “Norstar” Case (Panama v Italy), No. 25.