دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استاد، گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران‏

10.22059/jplsq.2024.376042.3527

چکیده

شرط «استثنای امنیت» که از آن به‌عنوان یک سوپاپ اطمینان یاد می‌شود، برای اولین بار در مادۀ 21 «گات (1947)» و جهت حفاظت دولت‌ها از «منافع اساسی امنیتی» شأن پیش‌بینی شد و حاوی عبارتی (چنانچه دولت ضروری تشخیص دهد) بود که صلاحدید بسیار گسترده‌ای به دولت‌های عضو اعطا می‌کرد. در سال‌های بعد، تمایل کشورها به جذب سرمایة خارجی موجب شد تا در موافقت‌نامه‌های سرمایه‌گذاری، اغلب از درج آن صرف‌نظر کنند؛ اما نگرانی دولت‌ها نسبت به منافع اساسی، به‌ویژه در سال‌های اخیر، موجب درج مجدد عبارت مذکوردر شروط استثنای امنیت شده است. اکنون باید پرسید که سیر تحول صلاحدید دولت‌ها چگونه بوده و آیا آنها به‌دنبال گسترش صلاحدید در معنای مادۀ 21 گات بوده‌اند یا به فراتر از آن می‌اندیشند؟ با بررسی رویة دولت‌ها و رویة قضایی بین‌المللی به‌نظر می‌رسد نه‌تنها دولت‌ها در پی کسب «صلاحدید بسیار گسترده» هستند، بلکه برخی حتی بدان نیز بسنده نکرده و با سلب صلاحیت مرجع رسیدگی‌کننده نسبت به استثنای امنیت، در پی کسب «صلاحدید کامل» در موضوعات مربوط به منافع اساسی امنیتی خود هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The extent of the State’s Discretion in Protecting Essential Interests in ‎International Investment Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammadreza Shakib 1
  • Abasali Kadkhodaee 2

1 Ph.D. in International law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran‎

2 Prof., Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, ‎Tehran, Iran‎

چکیده [English]

The "security exception" Clause, which is referred to as a safety valve, was provided for the first time in Article 21 of "GATT (1947)" in order to protect states from their "Essential security interests" and contains a phrase (which it [contracting party] considers necessary) that gave a Very Considerable Discretion to the member states. In the following years, the desire of countries to attract foreign capital made them often omit its inclusion in investment agreements; But the concern of the governments regarding the Essential interests, especially in recent years, has led to the re-insertion of the above phrase in the Clause of the security exception. Now we have to ask how the evolution of the discretion of the governments has been and whether they have sought to expand the discretion in the meaning of Article 21 of the GATT or are they thinking beyond it? By examining the procedures of the States and the international jurisprudence, it seems that not only the governments sought to obtain " Very Considerable discretion", but some were not even satisfied with that and by depriving the competence of investigating authority of the security exception, they sought to obtain " "full discretion" in matters related to their Essential security interests.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • International Investment ‎Law
  • Security Exception‏ ‏Clause
  • State Discretion
  • ‎Investment Treaties
  • ‎Essential Security ‎Interests.‎
  1. الف) کتاب

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    ب) مقالات

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    1. انگلیسی
    2. A) Books
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    1. B) Articles
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    1. C) Jurisprudence
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    5. Certain Iranian Assets (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports (30 March 2023).
    6. Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports, (4 June 2008).
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    9. CMS Gas Transmission Company V. Argentine Republic, Annulment Proceeding, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/8, (September 25, 2007).
    10. CMS Gas Transmission Company V. Argentine Republic, Award, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/8, (12 May 2005).
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    15. ECHR, Lingens v. Austria, (Application no. 9815/82), Chamber judgment, 8 July 1986.
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    17. EL Paso Energy International Company v. the Argentine Republic, Award, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/15, (31 October 2011).
    18. Enron Creditors Recovery Corp. V. Argentine Republic, Award, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/3, (22 May 2007).
    19. European Communities — Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WTO Doc. WT/DS27/AB/R, Appellate Body Report, (25 September 1997).
    20. LG&E Energy Corp. V. Argentine Republic, Decision on Liability, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/1, ( 3 Oct 2006).
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    1. D) International Instruments, Documents and Reports
    2. ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States) - EU Samoa Agreement (2023).
    3. Azerbaijan Model BIT (2016).
    4. Brazil - Ethiopia BIT (2018).
    5. Brazil - Guyana BIT (2018).
    6. Brazil - United Arab Emirates BIT (2019).
    7. Brazil - India BIT (2020).
    8. Brazil Model BIT (2015).
    9. Canada Model BIT (2021).
    10. Central America - EU Association Agreement (2012).
    11. China - Colombia BIT (2008).
    12. Convention concerning judicial assistance in criminal matters, Signed at Djibouti (27 September 1986).
    13. Crawford, James, Second Report on State Responsibility, UN General Assembly, International Law Commission, 51st Session, Geneva, 23 July 1999, A/CN.4/498/Add 2
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    15. EU - Kenya EPA (2023).
    16. EU - New Zealand FTA (2023).
    17. EU - United Kingdom Trade and Cooperation Agreement (2020).
    18. EU - Viet Nam Investment Protection Agreement (2019).
    19. EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (2018).
    20. India Model BIT (2015).
    21. International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, Washington, (2 December 1946).
    22. Intra-MERCOSUR Investment Facilitation Protocol (2017).
    23. Investment promotion and protection agreement between Japan, Republic of Korea and China (2012).
    24. Italy Model BIT (2022).
    25. Norway Model BIT (draft) (2015).
    26. Russia Model BIT (2016).
    27. Slovakia Model BIT (2019).
    28. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947).
    29. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Iran - United States of America, (1955).
    30. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Nicaragua - United States of America, (1956).
    31. United States Model BIT (1984).
    32. United States Model BIT (2004).
    33. United States Model BIT (2012).