نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشآموختۀ دکتری حقوق بینالملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 استاد، گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
شرط «استثنای امنیت» که از آن بهعنوان یک سوپاپ اطمینان یاد میشود، برای اولین بار در مادۀ 21 «گات (1947)» و جهت حفاظت دولتها از «منافع اساسی امنیتی» شأن پیشبینی شد و حاوی عبارتی (چنانچه دولت ضروری تشخیص دهد) بود که صلاحدید بسیار گستردهای به دولتهای عضو اعطا میکرد. در سالهای بعد، تمایل کشورها به جذب سرمایة خارجی موجب شد تا در موافقتنامههای سرمایهگذاری، اغلب از درج آن صرفنظر کنند؛ اما نگرانی دولتها نسبت به منافع اساسی، بهویژه در سالهای اخیر، موجب درج مجدد عبارت مذکوردر شروط استثنای امنیت شده است. اکنون باید پرسید که سیر تحول صلاحدید دولتها چگونه بوده و آیا آنها بهدنبال گسترش صلاحدید در معنای مادۀ 21 گات بودهاند یا به فراتر از آن میاندیشند؟ با بررسی رویة دولتها و رویة قضایی بینالمللی بهنظر میرسد نهتنها دولتها در پی کسب «صلاحدید بسیار گسترده» هستند، بلکه برخی حتی بدان نیز بسنده نکرده و با سلب صلاحیت مرجع رسیدگیکننده نسبت به استثنای امنیت، در پی کسب «صلاحدید کامل» در موضوعات مربوط به منافع اساسی امنیتی خود هستند.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The extent of the State’s Discretion in Protecting Essential Interests in International Investment Law
نویسندگان [English]
- Mohammadreza Shakib 1
- Abasali Kadkhodaee 2
1 Ph.D. in International law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Prof., Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
The "security exception" Clause, which is referred to as a safety valve, was provided for the first time in Article 21 of "GATT (1947)" in order to protect states from their "Essential security interests" and contains a phrase (which it [contracting party] considers necessary) that gave a Very Considerable Discretion to the member states. In the following years, the desire of countries to attract foreign capital made them often omit its inclusion in investment agreements; But the concern of the governments regarding the Essential interests, especially in recent years, has led to the re-insertion of the above phrase in the Clause of the security exception. Now we have to ask how the evolution of the discretion of the governments has been and whether they have sought to expand the discretion in the meaning of Article 21 of the GATT or are they thinking beyond it? By examining the procedures of the States and the international jurisprudence, it seems that not only the governments sought to obtain " Very Considerable discretion", but some were not even satisfied with that and by depriving the competence of investigating authority of the security exception, they sought to obtain " "full discretion" in matters related to their Essential security interests.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- International Investment Law
- Security Exception Clause
- State Discretion
- Investment Treaties
- Essential Security Interests.
الف) کتاب
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- انگلیسی
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- D) International Instruments, Documents and Reports
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- Azerbaijan Model BIT (2016).
- Brazil - Ethiopia BIT (2018).
- Brazil - Guyana BIT (2018).
- Brazil - United Arab Emirates BIT (2019).
- Brazil - India BIT (2020).
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- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Nicaragua - United States of America, (1956).
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- United States Model BIT (2012).