دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار حقوق بین‌الملل، گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار حقوق بین‌الملل، گروه حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

هدف از این تحقیق پاسخ به این پرسش است که آیا ورود ثالث ایران به دعوای آفریقای جنوبی علیه رژیم صهیونیستی در دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری، به معنای شناسایی ضمنی رژیم صهیونیستی به‌عنوان دولت است یا خیر؟ فرضیۀ اولیۀ مقالۀ حاضر این است که اقامۀ دعوا و به‌تبع آن ورود ثالث که مسئلۀ حقوقی است بر امر شناسایی تأثیرگذار نیست. بررسی ورود ثالث در دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری و حقوق بین‌الملل حاکم بر شناسایی نشان می‌دهد که اقامۀ دعوا و به‌تبع آن ورود ثالث تأثیری بر موضع ایران دال بر عدم شناسایی رژیم صهیونیستی به‌عنوان دولت ندارد؛ چراکه شناسایی جز با رضایت صریح دولت‌ها انجام نمی‌شود، و نظر به این واقعیت که ایران بارها به‌صراحت، بر عدم شناسایی رژیم صهیونیستی تأکید کرده است، از این‌رو ورود به دعوا علیه آن دولت به‌عنوان ثالث به معنای شناسایی ضمنی آن رژیم محسوب نمی‌شود. در عین حال، در تصمیم برای ورود ثالث به دعوای فوق‌الاشاره، باید احتمال اقامۀ دعوای مستقل علیه ایران به‌وسیلۀ این رژیم به استناد کنوانسیون نسل‌زدایی را به‌منظور خنثی‌سازی اقدام حقوقی جمهوری اسلامی ایران و تحت تأثیر قرار دادن دعوای آفریقای جنوبی علیه این رژیم، مدنظر قرار داد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Relationship between Implied Recognition with Third Party Intervention in International Court of Justice with emphasis of Intervention of Islamic Republic of Iran in South Africa vs Israel Case in International Court of Justice

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Momenirad 1
  • Seyed Hossein Mousavifar 2
  • Soroush Seyedian Hashemi 2

1 Associate Professor of International Law, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant professor of International Law, Department of Criminal law and Criminology, Faculty of law and political sciences Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Mahshad, Iran

چکیده [English]

The aim of this article is to address the question of whether Iran’s intervention as a third party in the case brought by South Africa against the Israeli regime before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) implies implicit recognition of the Israeli regime as a state or not. The central hypothesis of this study is that initiating legal proceedings or third-party intervention, in this context, does not influence the legal matter of recognition. An examination of third-party intervention in the ICJ and the international law governing recognition reveals that neither initiating proceedings nor intervening as a third party affects Iran’s position of non-recognition of the Israeli regime as a state. This is because recognition occurs only through the explicit consent of states and considering this fact that Iran explicitly insists on non-recognition of Zionist Regime, intervention in the case as a third party will not be implied recognition of the regime. Nonetheless, in deciding whether to intervene in the aforementioned case, it is necessary to consider the possibility that the Israeli regime could initiate an independent claim against Iran under the Genocide Convention as a means of neutralizing Iran’s legal action and influencing South Africa’s case against the regime.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Implied Recognition
  • Declaratory Recognition
  • Constitutive Recognition
  • Intervention of Article 62
  • Intervention of Article 63
  • Genocide Convention
  1. فارسی

الف) کتاب‌ها

  1. بیگ‌زاده، ابراهیم (۱۴۰۱). حقوق بین‌الملل. تهران: میزان.
  2. میرعباسی، سید باقر (1382). حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی (جلد 2). تهران: میزان.
  3. عزیزی، ستار (۱۴۰۰). تأسیس و جانشینی دولت‌ها. همدان: مرکز نشر دانشگاه بوعلی سینا.

 

ب) مقالات

  1. الهویی نظری، حمید (۱۳۹۴). ورود ثالث در رویۀ دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری (مادۀ 62 اساسنامه). فصلنامۀ مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران، ج 45، 4، 667-689.‫
  2. عابدینی، عبدالله؛ ابراهیم گل، علیرضا. (۱۴۰۳). بررسی تطبیقی عدم شناسایی دولت در اثر طرح دعوا در مراجع حل‌وفصل اختلاف بین‌المللی با تأکید بر رویۀ دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری. مجلۀ مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی، 15(1)، 139-154.

 

  1. انگلیسی
  2. A) Books and Book Chapters
  3. Crawford, J. (2006). The Creation of States in International Law (Second Edition). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  4. Craven, M., & Parfitt, R. (2018). Statehood, Self-determination, and Recognition. In M. Evans (Ed.), International Law (5th Edition, pp. 177-226). Oxford University Press.
  5. Kilibarda, P. (2024). Recognition of States in International Law. Oxford University Press.
  6. Shaw, M. N. (2017). International Law (8th Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  7. Miron, A., & Chinkin, C. (2019a). Article 62. In C. J. Tams & A. Zimmermann (Eds.), (C. J. Tams & A. Zimmermann, Eds.). The Statute of International Court of Justice, A Commentary (3rd Edition, 1686-1740). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  8. Miron, A., & Chinkin, C. (2019b). Article 63. In C. J. Tams & A. Zimmermann (Eds.), (C. J. Tams & A. Zimmermann, Eds.). The Statute of International Court of Justice, A Commentary (3rd Edition, 1741-1774). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  9. Merrills, J., & De Brabandere, E. (2022). Merrills’ International Dispute Settlement (7th edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  10. Quigley, J. (2021). The Legality of a Jewish State: A Century of Debate Over Rights in Palestine. India: Cambridge University Press.
  11. Zimmermann, A. (2019). Article 35, in, Andreas Zimmermann, Christian Tams, Karin Oellers-Frahm, Christian Tomuschat (eds.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary. (3rd Edition, 684-711), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  12. B) Articles
  13. Aw, S. (2024). The effects of third-party intervention in the adjudication of maritime delimitation disputes. Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 15(1), 221-237. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnlids/idad029
  14. Hsieh, Pasha L. (2006). An unrecognized state in foreign and international courts: the case of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Michigan Journal of International Law, 28(4), 765-814.
  15. Pisillo Mazzeschi, R., & Carli, E. (2024). Proof of Specific Intent in the Crime of Genocide. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 22(2), 429-443. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqae025
  16. Talmon, S. (2005). The constitutive versus the Declaratory Theory of Recognition: Tertium Non Datur. British Yearbook of International Law, 75(1), 101-181. https://doi.org/10.1093/bybil/75.1.101

 

  1. C) Legal Instruments
  2. Convention on Rights and Duties of States. (1933). League of Nations Treaty Series, No.3802
  3. The UN Security Council. (1950). Memorandum on the Legal Aspects of the Problem of Representation in the United Nations. UN Doc. S/1466.
  4. Amendments to Articles 81,82 and 86 of Rules of the Court.(2024), available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/press-releases/0/000-20240228-wri-01-00-enc.pdf
  5. (1945). Pact of the League of Arab States, Cairo, March 22, 1945, Annex on

Palestine,vol. 70, at 237.

  1. UNGA (1947). Resolution 181 (III), A/RES/181(1947)
  2. UNGA (2012). Official Records of the 44th Plenary Meeting (29 November 2012), UN.Doc A/ 67/ PV.44
  3. (1947). Report to the General Assembly, 2nd Session, Vol I, A/364, supplement 11 at 43
  4. ICJ Statute (1945). Available at: https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/docs/charter-all-lang.pdf#page=23

 

  1. D) Case
  2. Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation) ,(2023) Admissibility of the Declarations of Intervention, Order of 5th June, available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/182/182-20230605-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf
  3. equest for Intervention and Declaration of Intervention of The State of Palestine (2024). In the Case Concerning Application of The Convention on The Prevention and Punishment of The Crime Of Genocide in The Gaza Strip (South Africa V. Israel), Available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240603-int-01-00-en.pdf
  4. Declaration of Intervention of State of Palestine under Article 62 and Article 63 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (2024). in the Case Concerning Application of The Convention on The Prevention and Punishment of the Crime Of Genocide in The Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240603-int-01-00-en.pdf
  5. Declaration of Intervention of Federative Republic of Brazil pursuant to Article 63 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (2025). in the Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20250917-int-01-00-en.pdf
  6. Declaration of Intervention of The Maldives under Article 63 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (2024). in the Case Concerning Application of The Convention on The Prevention and Punishment of the Crime Of Genocide in The Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20241001-int-01-00-en.pdf
  7. Declaration of Intervention of Columbia under Article 63 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (2024). in the Case Concerning Application of The Convention on The Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in The Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240405-int-01-00-en.pdf
  8. Declaration of Intervention of Libya under Article 63 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (2024). in the Case Concerning Application of The Convention on The Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in The Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240510-int-01-00-en.pdf
  9. Declaration of Intervention of Mexico under Article 63 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (2024). in the Case Concerning Application of The Convention on The Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in The Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240524-int-01-00-en.pdf
  10. Declaration of Intervention of Spain under Article 63 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (2024). in the Case Concerning Application of The Convention on The Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in The Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240628-int-01-00-en.pdf
  11. Declaration of Intervention of Turkyie under Article 63 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (2024). in the Case Concerning Application of The Convention on The Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in The Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240807-int-01-00-en.pdf
  12. Declaration of Intervention of Chile under Article 63 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (2024). in the Case Concerning Application of The Convention on The Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in The Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240912-int-01-00-en.pdf
  13. Declaration of Intervention of Bolivia under Article 63 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (2024). in the Case Concerning Application of The Convention on The Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in The Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20241001-int-01-00-en.pdf
  14. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), (2024), Request For the Indication of Provisional Measures, available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf
  15. Declaration of Intervention under Article 63 of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in the case of Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), (2022), available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/182/182-20220805-WRI-01-00-EN.pdf
  16. Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts,
  17. with commentaries, (2001), Available at: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf
  18. ICJ, (2024), Advisory Opinion on Legal Consequences arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem, 19th July, available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-adv-01-00-en.pdf
  19. ICJ Reports (1990), Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute, Application by Nicaragua for Permission to Intervene, Judgment 13rd September 1990
  20. ICJ Reports (1992), Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (Merits, Judgment)
  21. ICJ Reports, (1995), Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordancewith Paragraph 63 of the Court S Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case
  22. ICJ Reports, (1996),Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, , p.595
  23. ICJ Reports (2004). Legality of Use of Force case (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), Preliminary Objections, pp. 279.
  24. ICJ Reports (2011). Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy), Application for Permission to Intervene, Order of 4 July 2011.
  25. ICJ Reports, (2011). Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, p.420
  26. ICJ Reports, (2013). Declaration of Judge Giorgio Gaja. on Order of 6 February 2013 on Case concerning Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan), Declaration of Intervention of New Zealand,p.41
  27. ICJ Reports (2013). Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan), Declaration of Intervention of New Zealand, Order of 6 February, p.3
  28. Order of ICJ in Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), (2024). Available at: https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf

 

  1. E) Encyclopedia
  2. Papadaki, Matina. (2018). Intervention: International Court of Justice (ICJ). In H. R. Fabri (Ed.), (H. R. Fabri, Ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law [MPEiPro]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 

  1. F) Websites
  2. https://icj-cij.org/case/192/intervention