Document Type : Article
Authors
1 MA. in Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
2 Assistant Prof, Department of Crime Prevention, Amin University of Police Sciences,Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Background: The issue of smuggling goods and currency in the country is an undeniable occurrence that has significant effects and consequences. According to statistics and evidence, the current approach to combating smuggling has failed to address this problem effectively.
Objective: The aim of this research is to analyze the existing approach and critique it to facilitate a shift towards a new and effective strategy.
Research Method: The data collection method involves interviews, and the data analysis method is thematic analysis. The sampling method is purposive and snowball sampling, and experts in the field of smuggling were consulted for data collection.
Findings: The findings of the research include the opinions of interviewees regarding the components related to the governance of smuggling goods and currency, which were presented in the form of overarching themes based on the analysis conducted.
Conclusion: Based on the opinions of the interviewees, the current approach to combating smuggling goods and currency is categorized into six overarching themes: electronic, legal, operational, cultural promotion, economic, and judicial. Despite the diversity of components, it is observed that most components relate to two types of themes: electronic and legal.
Keywords
Main Subjects
English
- A) Books
- A Daniell, K., & Kay, A. (2018). Multi-level governance: conceptual challenges and case studies from Australia, Australia. ANU Pres. DOI:10.22459/MG.11.2017.
- Behnke, N., Broschek, J., & Sonnicksen, J. (2019). Configurations, dynamics and mechanisms of multilevel governance. Germany,Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05511-0_1.
- C Curaj, A., Deca, L. & Pricopie, R.(2018). European higher education area: The impact of past and future policies,Germany. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77407-7
- Enderlein, H., Walti, S., & Zurn, M. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook on multi-level governance. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849809047
B( Articles
- Ansell, C., & Torfing, J. (2022). Introduction to the Handbook on Theories of Governance. In: Christopher Ansell, and Jacob. Torfing (Eds.), Handbook on Theories of Governance, United Kingdom , Edward Elgar Publishing , 1-16. DOI:10.4337/9781800371972.00007.
- Bache, I., Bartle, I., & Flinders, M. (2022). Multi-level governance. Christopher Ansell, and Jacob. Torfing (Eds.), Handbook on Theories of Governance, United Kingdom ,Edward Elgar Publishing, 32-46. DOI:10.4337/9781800371972.
- Börzel, Tanja A. (2020). Multilevel governance or multilevel government? . The British Journal of Politics and International Relations,22(4), 776-783. DOI:10.1177/1369148120939872.
- Brown, K. P. (2018). Multilevel governance and minimum flow: the varying conservation outcomes of water conflict resolution. In: Ramakrishnan Alagan(Eds), Environment, Politics, and Society, United Kingdom ,Emerald Publishing Limited, 25-44.. DOI:10.1108/S0895-993520180000025002.
- Camões, P. J. (2022). Types of decentralisation and governance: Evidence from across the world. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(3), 24-35. DOI:10.1002/pa.2435
- Heinen, Deborah & Alessandro, Arlati & Knieling, Jörg. (2022). Five dimensions of climate governance: a framework for empirical research based on polycentric and multi‐level governance perspectives”, Environmental policy and governance,32(1),56-68. DOI:10.1002/eet.1963
- Hensengerth, Oliver & Lu, Yiyi (2019). Emerging environmental multi-level governance in China? Environmental protests, public participation and local institution-building. Public Policy and Administration, 34(2),121-143. DOI:10.1177/0952076717753279.
- Kuhlmann, S., & Franzke, J. (2022). Multi-level responses to COVID-19: crisis coordination in Germany from an intergovernmental perspective. Local Government Studies, 48(2) 312-334. DOI:10.1080/03003930.2021.1904398.
- Maggetti, M. and Trein, P., 2019. Multilevel governance and problem‐solving: Towards a dynamic theory of multilevel policy‐making?. Public Administration, 97(2),355-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12573
- Sheng, C., Liu, Y., & Liu, J. (2023). Multi-level governance and competing sustainability aims: Politics of renewable energy development and nature conservation in Changdao, China. Energy Research & Social Science, 97,80-109 DOI:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103001.
- Zen, I. S., Al-Amin, A. Q., & Doberstein, B. (2019). Mainstreaming climate adaptation and mitigation policy: Towards multi-level climate governance in Melaka, Malaysia. Urban Climate,30,103-160 Doi:1016/j.uclim.2019.100501.
- C) Thesis
- Albers,Maarten. (2023), The rise and escalation of a multi-layered conflict in spatial planning,Master thesis Spatial Planning, University of Utrecht, Available at: https://studenttheses.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/20.500.12932/43407/Albers_Maarten_6271294%20%28Master%20Thesis%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
References In Persian:
- A) Articles
- Javadian, S. M., Khosrowabadi, A. H., & Azadfar, M. S. (2018). Legal analysis of definitions and examples of currency smuggling and currency violations in Iran. Karagah Magazine, 13(46), 118-96. Available at: http://det.jrl.police.ir/article_91240_2dcef3061059db99fca0d3569213c3c8.pdf (In Persian).
- Qadri, I., kiani D., & Zibakalam, S. (2021). The political economy of goods smuggling in Iran: the pathology of policymaking and governance mechanisms. World Politics, 10(1), 197-220. DOI:10.22124/wp.2021.18619.2723 (In Persian).
- https://issk.sndu.ac.ir/article_2236_401d0a5c5dfcf8dcb7554e75abef87f2.pdf (In Persian).
- Sadati, S. M. (2019). Pathology of Iran's legislative criminal policy in the field of police strategies in the fight against goods smuggling. Crime Prevention Studies Quarterly,15(54), 81-103. DOI:10.22034/cps.2020.94293 (In Persian).
- Sotoudeh Gandashmin, M., Dindar Bosjin, R., & Musa Samadian, M. (2015). A reactive approach to currency smuggling in the law to combat goods and currency smuggling and criticisms on it. Karagah Magazine, 10(37),96-120. Available at: http://det.jrl.police.ir/article_10727_2d45464ddad1326a8152dcb43a4d0abb.pdf (In Persian).
- Yavari, A. H., Barazi, A., & Moveidi Khorramabadi, A. (2022). Political learning in the policies of combating goods and currency smuggling: examining the laws of the country's first to sixth five-year programs. National Defense Strategic Management Studies,6(23),293-328 (In Persian).
- Rostami Ghazani, O., & Rahmani Fard, M. (2022). Differential criminal policy against organized currency and goods smuggling. Judicial Law Journal,86(120),139-160. DOI:10.22106/jlj.2022.541265.4488 (In Persian).
- B) Rules
- Budget Law of 2018, https://qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/260944 (In Persian).
- General policies of national security 2001, https://farsi.khamenei.ir/tag-content?id=2246 (In Persian).
- Instructions to prevent and deal with smuggling of goods announced by the President in February 2021, https://www.president.ir/fa/134586 (In Persian).
- Law against smuggling of goods and currency approved in 2013, https://www.qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/222166 (In Persian).
- Law on Customs Affairs approved in 2011, https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/801835 (In Persian).
- Law on how to apply government punishments 2000, https://qavanin.ir/Law/ PrintText/83383 (In Persian).
- Law on permanent orders of the country's development programs 2017, https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/1014070?keyword=%D8%A7%D8%AD%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%DB%8C (In Persian).
)