نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار، گروه معارف اسلامی و حقوق، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ولی عصر (عج) رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران
چکیده
سالهاست که ایالات متحدۀ آمریکا درگیر گستردهترین برنامهها برای اجرای سیاست کشتار هدفمند در خارج از میدانهای جنگی فعال است. این عملیات، تاکنون بحثهای حقوقی گستردهای را ایجاد کرده است. تحقیق حاضر، تنها بر یک بُعد نسبتاً خاص، یعنی بر اطمینان از اینکه چگونه یک دولت میتواند در انجام چنین عملیاتی پاسخگو باشد، تمرکز دارد. تاکنون هیچ کشوری سازوکار پاسخگویی را که تضمین میکند قتلهای غیرقانونی بررسی، تعقیب و مجازات میشوند، افشا نکرده است. امتناع کشورها از ارائۀ پاسخگویی در مورد این نوع از سیاستها، چارچوب حقوقی بینالمللی را که استفادۀ غیرقانونی از زور کُشنده علیه افراد را محدود میکند، نقض مینماید. مقالۀ پیشرو، پاسخگویی حقوقی در خصوص برنامۀ کشتار هدفمند ایالات متحده و سازوکارهای بالقوه برای تقویت این پاسخگویی را مورد بحث قرار میدهد. از اینرو پاسخگویی ابتدا با توجه به تصمیم برای تعیین یک فرد بهعنوان هدف و سپس با اجرای عملیات بررسی میشود. تمرکز پژوهش، بر برنامۀ ایالات متحده است، اما هدف روشن کردن ملاحظات پیچیدۀ مربوط به تلاش برای تقویت پاسخگویی حقوقی هر دولتی است که این نوع عملیات را انجام میدهد. هرچند که یافتههای این پژوهش نشان از عدم ارائۀ هر نوع سازوکار حقوقی از سوی کشورهای به کاربرندۀ این برنامه دارد.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Legal Accountability of the United States Regarding Targeted Killings
نویسنده [English]
- Mahvash Monfared
Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Studies and Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Vali Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran
چکیده [English]
For years, the United States has been engaged in the most extensive programs for implementing a policy of targeted killings outside active combat zones. These operations have generated extensive legal debates. This research focuses on a relatively specific aspect, namely ensuring how a government can be held accountable for conducting such operations. So far, no country has disclosed a mechanism of accountability that guarantees that unlawful killings are investigated, prosecuted, and punished. The refusal of countries to provide accountability regarding these types of policies violates the international legal framework that restricts the unlawful use of lethal force against individuals. The following article discusses legal accountability concerning the United States' targeted killing program and potential mechanisms to enhance this accountability. Thus, accountability is examined first in relation to the decision to designate an individual as a target and then in the execution of the operation. The focus of the research is on the United States program, but the aim is to clarify the complex considerations related to efforts to strengthen legal accountability for any government conducting such operations. However, the findings of this research indicate a lack of any legal mechanism provided by countries employing this program.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- accountability
- targeted killing
- united states
- international law
- فارسی
الف) مقالات
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- انگلیسی
- A) Books
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- B) Articels
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- C) Documents
- Commentary to the HPCR Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare, elaborated by the Drafting Committee of the Group of Experts under the supervision of Professor Yoram Dinstein, Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 July 2013.
- Joint Doctrine for Targeting, 17 January 2002, Available at: https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/jp-doctrine/jp3_60%2802%29.pdf.
- Procedures For Approving Direct Action Against Terrorist Targets Located Outside The United States And Areas Of Activ E Hostilities, 2013, Available At: https://www.justice.gov/oip/foia-library/procedures_for_approving_direct_action_against_terrorist_targets/download.
- Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), adopted at Geneva, Switzerland, on June 8, 1977, entry into force December 7, 1978.
- The White House, Fact Sheet: U.S. Policy Standards and Procedures for the Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations Outside the United States and Areas of Active Hostilities, 2013, Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/23/fact-sheet-us-policy-standards-and-procedures-use-force-counterterrorism.
- United States Code, 2012 Edition, Supplement 3, Title 18 - Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 2441, 2015. Available at: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2015-title18/USCODE-2015-title18-partI-chap118-sec2441.
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- The manual of the law of armed conflict, uk ministry of defence, 2004, available at: https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law/9780199287284.001.0001/law-9780199287284
- D) Cases
- Al-Aulaqi v. Obama, Civil Action No. 10-1469 (JDB), United States District Courts. United States District Court (Columbia), 2010, available at: https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/aulaqi-v-obama-civil-891492033.
- Bilal Abdul Kareem, Appellant V. Gina Cheri Haspel, Director of The Central Intelligence Agency, Et Al., Appellees, Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (No. 1:17-cv-00581), No. 19-5328, 2021, available at: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/cadc/19-5328/19-5328-2021-01-15.html
- El-Shifa Pharmaceutical Industries Co. v. United States, 55 Fed. Cl. 751 (2003), March 14, 2003 · United States Court of Federal Claims · No. 00-443L, 55 Fed. Cl. 751, Available a.t: https://cite.case.law/fed-cl/55/751/ .
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- E) Reports
- Report of the Special reporter on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Philip Alston, Addendum, Study on Targeted Killings, UN Doc. A/HRC/14/24/Add.6, May 28, (2010).
- UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Philip Alston; Study on Targeted Killings, (A-HRC 4438),2022.