نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار، گروه معارف اسلامی و حقوق، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ولی عصر (عج) رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران
چکیده
سالهاست که ایالات متحدۀ آمریکا درگیر گستردهترین برنامهها برای اجرای سیاست کشتار هدفمند در خارج از میدانهای جنگی فعال است. این عملیات، تاکنون بحثهای حقوقی گستردهای را ایجاد کرده است. تحقیق حاضر، تنها بر یک بُعد نسبتاً خاص، یعنی بر اطمینان از اینکه چگونه یک دولت میتواند در انجام چنین عملیاتی پاسخگو باشد، تمرکز دارد. تاکنون هیچ کشوری سازوکار پاسخگویی را که تضمین میکند قتلهای غیرقانونی بررسی، تعقیب و مجازات میشوند، افشا نکرده است. امتناع کشورها از ارائۀ پاسخگویی در مورد این نوع از سیاستها، چارچوب حقوقی بینالمللی را که استفادۀ غیرقانونی از زور کُشنده علیه افراد را محدود میکند، نقض مینماید. مقالۀ پیشرو، پاسخگویی حقوقی در خصوص برنامۀ کشتار هدفمند ایالات متحده و سازوکارهای بالقوه برای تقویت این پاسخگویی را مورد بحث قرار میدهد. از اینرو پاسخگویی ابتدا با توجه به تصمیم برای تعیین یک فرد بهعنوان هدف و سپس با اجرای عملیات بررسی میشود. تمرکز پژوهش، بر برنامۀ ایالات متحده است، اما هدف روشن کردن ملاحظات پیچیدۀ مربوط به تلاش برای تقویت پاسخگویی حقوقی هر دولتی است که این نوع عملیات را انجام میدهد. هرچند که یافتههای این پژوهش نشان از عدم ارائۀ هر نوع سازوکار حقوقی از سوی کشورهای به کاربرندۀ این برنامه دارد.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
United States Legal Accountability for Targeted Killings
نویسنده [English]
- Mahvash Monfared
Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Studies and Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Vali Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran
چکیده [English]
For years, the United States of America (hereinafter USA) has been involved in the most extensive programs to implement the policy of targeted killing outside of active battlefields. This operation has created extensive legal debates so far. This article focuses on only one relatively specific dimension, namely, ensuring how a government can be held accountable when carrying out such an operation. No country has unveiled an accountability mechanism that ensures extrajudicial killings are investigated, prosecuted and punished. States' refusal to provide accountability for this policy violates the international legal framework that limits the illegal use of lethal force against individuals. This article discusses legal accountability regarding the USA targeted killing and potential mechanisms for strengthening this accountability. accountability is checked with regard to the decision to designate a person as a target and then with the implementation of the operation. The focus of the article is on the USA program, but it aims to clarify the complex considerations involved in trying to strengthen the legal accountability of any government that conducts these operations. However, the findings of this research show that the countries that use this program do not provide any kind of legal mechanism.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Accountability
- Targeted killing
- United States
- International law
- فارسی
الف) مقالات
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ب) پایاننامهها
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- انگلیسی
- A) Books
- M., & Regan. M. (2021). Accountability for targeted killing, in Counter-Terroris the Ethical Issues. by Miller, S.R.M.; Henschke, A.H.; Feltes, J., Delft University of Technology.
- McNeal, G. (2012). Are Targeted Killings Unlawful? A Case Study In Empirical Claims Without Empirical Evidence. in Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World, by Claire Finkelstein (ed.), Jens David Ohlin (ed.), Andrew Altman (ed.), Oxford University Press.
- B) Articels
- Akande, D. (2012). Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts. Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper.
- Alston, (2011). The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders. Harvard National Security Journal, Forthcoming.
- Bradley, C., & Goldsmith, J. (2005). Congressional Authorization and The War on Terrorism. Harvard Law Review.
- Buchanan, A., & Keohane, (2015). Toward a Drone Accountability Regime. Cambridge University Press.
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- Davis, M. (2011). Combatant Immunity and the Death of Anwar al-Awlaqi. JURIST.
- Davis, M. (2011). Combatant Immunity and the Death of Anwar al-Awlaqi,
- Dehn, J., & Heller, K. (2011). A Proposal for Judicial Review of Lethal War Measures, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, PENNumbra, Loyola University Chicago School of Law.
- Fisher, J (2007). Targeted Killing, Norms, and International Law. J. Transnat'l L. 711.
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- Mcneal, G. (2014). Targeted Killing and Accountability, The Georgetown Law Journal.
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- C) Documents
- Commentary to the HPCR Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare, elaborated by the Drafting Committee of the Group of Experts under the supervision of Professor Yoram Dinstein, Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 July 2013.
- Joint Doctrine for Targeting, 17 January 2002, Available at: https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/jp-doctrine/jp3_60%2802%29.pdf.
- Procedures For Approving Direct Action Against Terrorist Targets Located Outside The United States And Areas Of Activ E Hostilities, 2013, Available At: https://www.justice.gov/oip/foia-library/procedures_for_approving_direct_action_against_terrorist_targets/download.
- Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), adopted at Geneva, Switzerland, on June 8, 1977, entry into force December 7, 1978.
- The White House, Fact Sheet: U.S. Policy Standards and Procedures for the Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations Outside the United States and Areas of Active Hostilities, 2013, Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/23/fact-sheet-us-policy-standards-and-procedures-use-force-counterterrorism.
- United States Code, 2012 Edition, Supplement 3, Title 18 - Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 2441, 2015. Available at: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2015-title18/USCODE-2015-title18-partI-chap118-sec2441.
- Yves Sandoz et al., "Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventinos of 12 August 1949", International Committee of the Red Cross (1986).
- The manual of the law of armed conflict, uk ministry of defence, 2004, available at: https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law/9780199287284.001.0001/law-9780199287284
- D) Cases
- Al-Aulaqi v. Obama, Civil Action No. 10-1469 (JDB), United States District Courts. United States District Court (Columbia), 2010, available at: https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/aulaqi-v-obama-civil-891492033.
- Bilal Abdul Kareem, Appellant V. Gina Cheri Haspel, Director of The Central Intelligence Agency, Et Al., Appellees, Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (No. 1:17-cv-00581), No. 19-5328, 2021, available at: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/cadc/19-5328/19-5328-2021-01-15.html
- El-Shifa Pharmaceutical Industries Co. v. United States, 55 Fed. Cl. 751 (2003), March 14, 2003 · United States Court of Federal Claims · No. 00-443L, 55 Fed. Cl. 751, Available a.t: https://cite.case.law/fed-cl/55/751/ .
- International court of justice, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), 2005, available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/case/116/judgments.
- International court of justice, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 2004, available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/case/131.
- International court of justice, Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), 2003, available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/case/90
- E) Reports
- Report of the Special reporter on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Philip Alston, Addendum, Study on Targeted Killings, UN Doc. A/HRC/14/24/Add.6, May 28, (2010).
- UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Philip Alston; Study on Targeted Killings, (A-HRC 4438),2022.