نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بینالملل عمومی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بینالملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
3 دانشیار حقوق بینالملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
چکیده
با توجه به ضرورت همکاری جهانی در مقابله با تغییر اقلیم، موافقتنامۀ پاریس بهعنوان یکی از مهمترین اسناد بینالمللی در این حوزه، چارچوبی برای تعهدات داوطلبانه کشورها و نظارت بر اجرای آنها ارائه کرده است. یکی از ارکان اصلی این توافق، سازوکار شفافیت پیشرفته است که نقش مهمی در اعتمادسازی و ارزیابی عملکرد کشورها ایفا میکند. مقالة حاضر به بررسی این سازوکار و الزامات حقوقی مرتبط با آن میپردازد و تأثیر چارچوب شفافیت بر برنامههای اقلیمی کشورها را تحلیل میکند. هدف اصلی تحقیق، شناسایی ظرفیتهای حقوقی و اجرایی این سازوکار و بررسی میزان انطباق آن با نیازها و محدودیتهای کشورهای در حال توسعه، بهویژه ایران است. همچنین این پژوهش به ارزیابی نگرانیهای مرتبط با افشای اطلاعات حساس در فرایند گزارشدهی و بازنگری میپردازد. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی است. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که چارچوب شفافیت پیشرفته، با در نظر گرفتن ظرفیت متفاوت کشورها و ارائۀ سازوکارهای انعطافپذیر، امکان مشارکت مؤثر دولتها در فرایندهای اقلیمی جهانی را فراهم کرده است. این سازوکار با تصریح حق کشورها در حفظ محرمانگی اطلاعات حساس و پیشبینی فرایندهای تسهیلکننده، بهویژه برای کشورهای در حال توسعه، تعادلی میان شفافیت و حفظ حاکمیت ملی ایجاد کرده است. پیشنهاد میشود ایران با اتخاذ رویکردی تدریجی و متناسب با شرایط داخلی، در تصمیم خود بر عضویت در موافقتنامه تجدیدنظر کرده و با پذیرش آن، ضمن بهرهگیری از تسهیلات بینالمللی، نظام حقوقی داخلی خود را نیز برای اجرای تعهدات اقلیمی تقویت کند.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Transparency Framework in the Paris Agreement: Legal and Practical Dimensions with a Focus on Iran
نویسندگان [English]
- Zahra Samaeiyekta 1
- Fahimeh Maghsoudi 2
- Azam Amini 3
1 Master student of international law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Master student of international law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 Associate Prof, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]
Given the urgent need for global cooperation in combating climate change, the Paris Agreement stands as a pivotal international framework that outlines voluntary commitments by countries and mechanisms for monitoring their implementation. A central component of this agreement is the Enhanced Transparency Framework, which fosters trust and enables performance evaluation. This article explores the legal dimensions of this mechanism and its influence on national climate strategies, with a focus on identifying its legal and operational capacities and assessing its alignment with the needs and constraints of developing countries, particularly Iran. It also addresses concerns about disclosing sensitive information during reporting and review processes. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the study finds that the framework, by accommodating different national capacities and offering flexible procedures, facilitates effective participation in global climate efforts. It balances transparency with national sovereignty by affirming the right to confidentiality and providing support mechanisms for developing nations. The article recommends that Iran adopt a gradual, context-sensitive approach to reconsider its stance on joining the Agreement, thereby benefiting from international support while strengthening its domestic legal infrastructure for climate commitments.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- flexibility
- climate change
- transparency
- reporting
- confidentiality
- فارسی
- امینی، اعظم؛ دریادل، احسان (1398). سازوکارهای نظارت بر رعایت تعهدات و اجرا در موافقتنامۀ پاریس. مجلۀ حقوقی بینالمللی، 36 (60)، بهار- تابستان، 105-133. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.2019.35079
- پورهاشمی، سیدعباس، سبحانینیا، مجتبی؛ زیادخانی، سارا (1396). تحلیل ماهیت تعهدات دولتها در توافقنامة پاریس 2015 دربارۀ تغییرات اقلیمی. علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست، 23 (11 (پیاپی 114) )، 85-98.
- انگلیسی
- A) Books
- Bianchi, A., & Peters, A. (Eds.). (2013). Transparency in international law. Cambridge University Press.
- Brunnee, J., & Hey, E. (2013). Transparency and International Environmental Institutions. Cambridge University Press, 23-48.
- Haas, P, ‘Epistemic Communities’, in Bodansky/Brunne´e/Hey (eds.), Oxford Handbook 2007 (n 10), 791–806, 798–799.
- Johnstone, I. (2004). The power of interpretive communities. In M. Barnett, & R. Duvall. Power in Global Governance (pp. 185-204). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Klabbers, J., Peters, A., & Ulfstein, G. (2011). The constitutionalization of international law. OUP Oxford.
- B) Articles
- Briner, G., & S. Moarif (2017). Enhancing transparency of climate change mitigation under the Paris Agreement: Lessons from experience. OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers, No. 2016/04, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/a634dc1f-en.
- Duyck, S. (2014). MRV in the 2015 Climate Agreement: Promoting Compliance Through Transparency and the Participation of NGOs. Carbon & Climate Law Review, 175-187.
- Fukuda-parr, S. (2014). Global goals as a policy tool: Intended and unintended consequences. Journal of Human Development and, 118-131.
- Falduto, C., & S. Wartmann (2021). Towards common GHG inventory reporting tables for Biennial Transparency Reports: Experiences with tools for generating and using reporting tables under the UNFCCC. OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers, No. 2021/01, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/38f54dbf-en.
- Falkner, R. (2016). The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics. International Affairs, 92(5), 1107-1125.
- Gupta, A., Boas, I., & Oosterveer, P. (2020). Transparency in global sustainability governance: to what effect?. Journal of environmental policy & planning, 22(1), 84-97.
- Hanle, L., Gillenwater, M., Pulles, T., & Radunsky, K. (2019). Challenges and Proposed Reforms to the UNFCCC Expert Review Process for the Enhanced Transparency Framework. Seattle, WA, Greenhouse Gas Management Institute, http://capacitybuildingcoalition. org/discussion-paper-series/(last access: 22 September 2022).
- Jacquet, J., & Jamieson, D. (2016). Soft but significant power in the Paris Agreement. Nature Climate Change. 6. 643-646. 10.1038/nclimate3006.
- Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, S. I., Groff, M., Tamás, P. A., Dahl, A. L., Harder, M., & Hassall, G. (2018). Entry into force and then? The Paris agreement and state accountability. Climate Policy, 18(5), 593-599.
- Milkoreit, M., & Haapala, K. (2019). The global stocktake: design lessons for a new review and ambition mechanism in the international climate regime. International Environmental Agreements, 89-106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-018-9425-x.
- Mitchell, B. R. (2011). Transparency for governance: The mechanisms and effectiveness of disclosure-based and education-based transparency policies. Ecological Economics, 70, 1882-1890. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.03.006.
- Pulles, T. (2017). Did the UNFCCC review process improve the national GHG inventory submissions?. Carbon Management, 8(1), 19-31.
- Rioseco, S. (2023). Conferences of the Parties beyond international environmental law: How COPs influence the content and implementation of their parent treaties. Leiden Journal of International Law, 36(3), 699-719.
- Weikmans, R., & Gupta, A. (2021). Assessing state compliance with multilateral climate transparency requirements:‘Transparency Adherence Indices’ and their research and policy implications. Climate Policy, 21(5), 635-651.
- Weikmans, R., van Asselt, H., & Roberts, J. T. (2021). Transparency requirements under the Paris Agreement and their (un) likely impact on strengthening the ambition of nationally determined contributions (NDCs). In Making Climate Action More Effective(pp. 107-122). Routledge.
- Winkler, H., Mantlana, B., & Letete, T. (2017). Transparency of action and support in the Paris Agreement. Climate Policy, 17(7), 853-872.
- Yamineva, Y. (2016). Climate finance in the Paris outcome: why do today what you can put off till tomorrow?. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 25(2), 174-185.
- C) Documents
- International Law Commission. (2018). Draft conclusions on subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties, with commentaries’. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2.
- IPCC 2006, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan.
- UNFCCC (1992), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations.
- (2004, september 3). Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part I: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories (following incorporation of the provisions of decision 13/CP.9). Note by the secretariat. Retrieved from UNFCCC: https://unfccc.int/documents/3689.
- (2016). Retrieved from United Nations Climate Change: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/
- (2018, December 14). Modalities, procedures and guidelines for the transparency framework for action and support referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement. Retrieved from UNFCCC: https://unfccc.int/documents/184700.
- (2022, november 15). Revision of the UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories for Parties included in Annex I to the Convention. Retrieved from UNFCCC: https://unfccc.int/documents/623664.
- (2024, May 6). Code of Practice and Procedures for handling of confidential information in BTR reviews. Retrieved from UNFCCC: https://unfccc.int/documents/638346.
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . (2015, 12 12). Retrieved from United Nations Climate Change: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement.
- D) Electronic resources and websites
- Can International. (2009, june 8). COP Decisions: Binding or Not? Retrieved from Climate Action Network: https://climatenetwork.org/wp content/uploads/2021/02/COP_Decisions_CAN_legal_group_June_8_09.pdf
- (n.d.). Shall vs. Should. Retrieved from Langeek: https://langeek.co/en/grammar/course/692/shall-vs-should.
- Wartmann, S., Salas, R., & Blank, D. (2018, January). Publication and Tools. Retrieved from Partnership on Transparency in the paris agreement: https://transparency-partnership.net/publications-tools/deciphering-mrv-accounting-and-transparency-post-paris-era.
)