دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ روابط بین‏الملل وزارت امور خارجه، تهران، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

حقوق بین‏ الملل دربرداندۀ نسخه ‏ای کلی نیست که به طور عمومی در مورد تفسیر انواع مختلف منابع هنجاری آن تعیین تکلیف کند. در واقع، درحالی‌ که برخی از قواعد تفسیری در حقوق بین ‏الملل، اصول تثبیت‌شده ‏ای هستند، که به نقاط مرجع تبدیل شده ‏اند، اما حقوق بین‏ الملل مستلزم به‌ کارگیری فرآیندی همسان در خصوص تفسیر همۀ منابع نیست و قواعد تفسیری با توجه به ماهیت منبع، می ‏توانند متفاوت باشند. این مقاله با پذیرش این استدلال که فرآیند‏های تفسیر و شناسایی اعمال مجزایی هستند، که هریک نقش مخصوص به خود را در چرخۀ حیات حقوق بین‏ الملل عرفی ایفا می‏ کنند، به دنبال روشن ساختن قواعد قابل اعمال در فرآیند تفسیر حقوق بین‏ الملل عرفی است. با این هدف و با توجه به سیّالیت و نانوشتگی قواعد عرفی، اعمال رویکرد‏ها و عناصر تفسیری در مورد آن‏ها نیازمند صورت ‏بندی متفاوتی در مقایسه با تفسیر معاهدات بین‏ المللی است. نتیجۀ این مقاله حاکی از این است که تفسیر زمینه‏ گرا مناسب ‏ترین رویکرد در تفسیر حقوق بین ‏الملل عرفی به شمار می ‏رود. بنابراین زمینه‏ گرایی نه‌ تنها یک اصل فراگیر در شناسایی قواعد عرفی است، بلکه روشی مناسب برای تفسیر آن نیز هست. همچنین، رویۀ بعدی دولت ‏ها و سایر قواعد حقوق بین ‏الملل نیز در زمرۀ دیگر عناصر تفسیری مرتبط با قواعد عرفی قرار می‌گیرند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Interpretation of Customary International Law: From its Existence to Functionality

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abasali Kadkhodaee 1
  • Seyed Hossein Sadat Meidani 2
  • Kasra Pourmikaeil 3

1 Prof., Departement of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Prof., Department of International Law, School of International Relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran, Iran

3 Ph.D. Candidate in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

It is a fact that international law does not contain any general prescriptions regarding interpretation. While some interpretative principles and rules have become reference points, international law does not require a unified interpretation process for all sources of international law, and rules of interpretation may vary based on the source of law. This article sheds light on these applicable rules that can be used when interpreting customary rules, arguing that the interpretation process is an entirely separate operation from identification and both play their particular role in the life cycle of customary rules. However, due to its fluidity and unwritten nature, applying interpretative approaches and elements to customary rules requires its formulation compared to treaty law. This article argues that contextual interpretation is the appropriate approach to interpreting CIL. Contextualism is not only an overarching principle in identifying CIL but also a proper method for interpreting it.  Subsequent practice and other relevant rules of international law are also pertinent elements that could be applied in interpreting customary rules.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • identification of customary international law
  • interpretation of customary international law
  • interpretation of international treaty
  1. فارسی

الف) کتاب

  1. جعفری‌تبار، حسن (1388). فلسۀه تفسیری حقوق. تهران: سهامی انتشار.

 

ب) مقاله

  1. عابدینی، عبدالله (1396). اصول حاکم بر تفسیر قطعنامه‌های شورای امنیت. تحقیقات حقوقی، (78)، 233ـ258.

 

  1. انگلیسی
  2. A) Books
  3. Ammann, O. (2019). Domestic Courts and the Interpretation of International Law. Leiden: Brill | Nijhoff.
  4. Black, H. C. (1983). Black’s Law Dictionary: Definitions of the Terms and Phrases of American and English Jurisprudence, Ancient and Modern.
  5. Bos, M. (1984). A Methodology of International law. Amsterdam: NORTH HOLAND.
  6. Dorr, O., & Schmalenbach, K. (eds). (2018). Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties A Commentary. Second Edition. Heidelberg: Springer
  7. Gardiner, R. (2015) Treaty Interpretation. Oxford International Law Library (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University.
  8. Koskenniemi, M. (2006). From Apology to Utopia. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
  9. Marmor, A. (2005) Interpretation and Legal Theory. 2nd ed, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
  10. Merkouris, P. (2015). Interpretation of Customary International Law by Reference to the Customary Law Equivalent of Article 31(3)(c) (Article 31(3)(c) CIL)". In Article 31(3)(c) vclt and the Principle of Systemic Integration. Leiden: Brill | Nijhoff.
  11. Orakhelashvili, A. (2008) The Interpretation of Acts and Rules in Public International Law. Oxford: Oxford University.
  12. Tanaka, Y. (2018) The Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
  13. Villiger, M. E. (2009) Commentary on the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Leiden: Brill.

 

  1. B) Articles
  2. Bhala, R., & Witmer, E. (2019) Interpreting Interpretation: Textual, Contextual, and Pragmatic Interpretative Methods for International Trade Law. Connecticut Journal of International Law, 35 (2), 58.
  3. Chasapis Tassinis, O. (2020). Customary International Law: Interpretation from Beginning to End. European Journal of International Law, 31 (1), 235–267.
  4. Di Marco, R. (2022) Customary International Law Identification versus Interpretation, In The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law (The Rules of Interpretation of Customary International Law). MERKOURIS, P., KAMMERHOFER, J., & ARAJARVI, N. (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University, 414.
  5. Endicott, T. (1994). Putting Interpretation in Its Place. Law and Philosophy,
  6. Fortuna, M. (2022). Interpretation of Rules of Customary International Law, Their Identification and Treaty Interpretation’, In The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law (The Rules of Interpretation of Customary International Law). MERKOURIS, P., KAMMERHOFER, J., & ARAJARVI, N. (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University, 393.
  7. Gourgourinis, A. (2011). The Distinction between Interpretation and Application of Norms in International Adjudication. Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 2 (1), 31.
  8. Herdegen, M. (2020). Interpretation in International Law’ in: Rudiger WLLFURM and Anne PETERS (eds), MPEPIL. online edn, Oxford: Oxford University.
  9. Merkouris, P. (2017). Interpreting the Customary Rules on Interpretation. International Community Law Review, 19 (1), 126–155.
  10. Merkouris, P. (2022) Interpreting Customary International Law, You’ll Never Walk Alone, In The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law (The Rules of Interpretation of Customary International Law). MERKOURIS, P., KAMMERHOFER, J., & ARAJARVI, N. (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University, 347.
  11. Milleva, N. (2022). The Role of Domestic Courts in the Interpretation of Customary International Law, How Can We Learn from Domestic Interpretive Practices? In The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law (The Rules of Interpretation of Customary International Law). MERKOURIS, P., KAMMERHOFER, J., & ARAJARVI, N. (eds), Cambridge: Cambridge University.
  12. Pellet, A. (2018). Canons of Interpretation under the Vienna Convention, In Between the Lines of the Vienna Convention? Canons and Other Principles of Interpretation in Public International Law. KLINGLER, J., PARKHOMENKO, Y., & SALONIDIS, C.(eds). Netherland: Wolters Kluwer.
  13. Talmon, S. (2015). Determining Customary International Law: The ICJ’s Methodology between Induction, Deduction and Assertion. European Journal of International Law, 26 (2), 417–443.
  14. T, (2006). Customary International Law. in Rudiger WOLLFURM and Anne PETERS (eds), MPEPIL. online edn, Oxford: Oxford University.
  15. I, (2018). Authorative Interpretation in International law’ in Helene FABRI RUIZ (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Procedural Law. online ed, Oxford, Oxford University.
  16. Waibel, M. (2011). Demystifying the Art of Interpretation. European Journal of International Law, 22 (2), 571.
  17. Wood, M., & Sender, O. (2022). Between theory, practice, and ‘interpretation’ of customary international law. https://cil.nus.edu.sg/blogs/between-theory-practice-and-interpretation-of-customary-international-law/

 

  1. D) Cases
  2. Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Rep 2010
  3. Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea, Merit (Nicaragua v. Colombia) ICJ Rep 2022
  4. Arrest Warrant of 1 I April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002
  5. Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I. C.J. Reports 1985
  6. Factory at Chorzow, Dissenting opinion of Judge Ehrlich (Jurisdiction, 1927) PCIJ Series A No.9
  7. Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986
  8. Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Federal Reserve Bank of New York v Bank Markazi, Case A 28 (2000) 36 Iran-US Claims Tribunal Reports 5
  9. Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012
  10. Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia), Judgment, I. C. J. Reports 1999
  11. Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2019
  12. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I. C.J. Reports 1996
  13. Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004
  14. Legrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment, I. C. J. Reports 2001
  15. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America). Merits, Judgment. I.C.J. Reports 1986
  16. North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) Judgment of 20 February 1969 [1969] ICJ Rep. 3, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Tanaka
  17. North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) (Merits) [1969] ICJ Rep
  18. Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010
  19. Reservation to the Convention on genocide, Advisory opinion ICJ reports1951
  20. Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, 1. C. J. Reports 1994

 

  1. E) Documents
  2. https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/75/pdfs/statements/ild/ola.pdf
  3. ILC, ‘Draft Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law, with Commentaries’ (30 April–1 June and 2 July–10 August 2018) UN Doc A/73/10
  4. ILC, ‘Draft Conclusions on Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice in Relation to the Interpretation of Treaties, with Commentaries’ (30 April–1 June and 2 July– 10 August 2018) UN Doc A/73/10, reproduced in [2018/II – Part Two] YBILC 11
  5. ILC, ‘Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its 63rd Session’ (26 April–3 June and 4 July–12 August 2011) UN Doc A/66/10
  6. Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1966, Volume II, reports of the Commission to the General Assembly, document A/6309/Rev.l