نویسندگان
1 استادیار دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، مازندران، ایران
2 دانشیار، گروه حقوق عمومی و بینالملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
مفهوم «نگرانیهای مشترک بشری» از دهۀ 1990 میلادی در حوزۀ حقوق بینالملل محیط زیست پدیدار شد و هدف از طرح آن یافتن راهی برای رویارویی با مشکلات زیستمحیطی جهانی و همچنین پاسخگویی به اختلافات برخاسته از مفهوم «میراث مشترک بشریت» میان دولتها بود. سپس این مفهوم از زمینههای اصلی خود همچون تنوع زیستی و تغییر اقلیم، فراتر رفت و مصداقهای دیگری از اینگونه نگرانیهای مشترک مطرح شدند. در این نوشتار، ضمن شناخت ابعاد و عناصر نگرانیهای مشترک بشری، جایگاه این مفهوم در حقوق بینالملل، بهویژه در کالبد اصول اساسی حقوق بینالملل محیط زیست و تعهدات جامعۀ بینالمللی در کل بررسی میشود.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
“Common Concerns of Humankind”: From the Emergence to Evolution in International Environmental Law
نویسندگان [English]
- Shima Arab Asadi 1
- Amir Hossein Ranjbarian 2
1 Assistant Prof., Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2 Associate Prof., Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
The concept of “Common Concerns of Humankind” has emerged in the context of international environmental law in the 1990s. It was set forth in order to find a way to deal with global environmental challenges as well as to address disputes arising between States over the concept of “Common Heritage of Humanity”. Then, the concept went beyond its original contexts, namely biodiversity and climate change, and led to other instances of common concerns to be discussed. In this article, while recognizing the scope and elements of Common Concerns of Humankind, the position of this concept in international law, especially in the framework of the basic principles of international environmental law and the erga omnes obligations, will be examined.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- International Community
- Common Interests
- Common Heritage of Mankind
- Global Environment
- Common Concerns of Humankind
- international cooperation
1. فارسی
الف) کتابها
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ب) مقالات
2. انگلیسی
A) Books
B) Articles
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14.Horn, Laura (2007). “Globalization, Sustainable Development and the Common Concern of Humankind”, Macquarie Law Journal, Vol 7.
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18.Shelton, Dinah (2003). “The Impact of Economic Globalization on Compliance”, in Alexandre Kiss, Dinah Shelton and Kanami Ishibashi (eds), Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements, Kluwer Law International.
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20.Simma, Bruno (1994). “From Bilateralism to Community Interest in International Law”, Recueil des Cours (RdC250).
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C) Documents and Cases
- Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, adopted (17 October 2003).
- Convention on Biological Diversity, in 31 I.L.M. 818, 822, (5 June 1992).
- Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, 33 ILM 1332 (1994)
- ICJ, Barcelona Traction, light and power company, limited, second phase, Judgment, ICJ reports 1970.
- ICJ, Case Concerning the Gabčikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), 1977 ICJ Rep. 7, separate opinion of Vice-President Weeramantry.
- ICJ, Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to NuclearDisarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom), Dissenting Opinion Of Judge Cançado Trindade.
- ICJ, Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) Judgment of 31 March 2014, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade.
- International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Draft InternationalCovenant on Environment and Development (2004).
- ITLOS, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with respect toActivities in the Area (Advisory Opinion) (International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea,Seabed Disputes Chamber, Case No 17, 1 February 2011.
10. Paris Agreement, twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, C.N.63.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d, (12 December 2015).
11.Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) [Agenda 21], UN Doc A/CONF.151/26 (1992).
12.Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), vol I, ch 1, annex I, ‘RioDeclaration on Environment and Development’ [RioDeclaration], UN Doc A/CONF.151/26 (1992), 31 ILM 874, (1992).
13.Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, UN Doc E/73/II.A/14 (1972), 11 ILM 1416, 1419 (1972).
14.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 31 I.L.M. 849, 851(9 May 1992).