دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیأت علمی پردیس بین‌المللی کیش دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشجوی دورۀ دکتری پردیس بین‌المللی کیش دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

فناوری سایبر قواعد بازی را در حوزه‌های مختلف متحول ساخته و توسل به زور نیز از این قاعده مستثنا نیست. افزایش حملات سایبری علیه دولت‌ها و پیچیدگی روزافزون آنها در سال‌های اخیر حکایت از آینده‌ای مبهم دارد. این مقاله پس از بررسی مفهوم سنتی توسل به زور، به این مسئله خواهد پرداخت که آیا قواعد موجود در خصوص فناوری‌های آنالوگ می‌توانند در مورد فناوری‌های نوین دیجیتال استفاده شوند. این مطالعه نشان خواهد داد که نیرو یا زور سایبری تا چه حد می‌تواند بر حقوق توسل به زور معاصر انطباق یابد. پرسش کلیدی در این مسیر آن است که آیا کاربرد زور سایبری یک توسل به زور در معنای بند 4 مادۀ 2 منشور ملل متحد محسوب می‌شود. در پاسخ به این پرسش به قواعد تفسیر مندرج در کنوانسیون وین در مورد حقوق معاهدات و رویکردهای مختلف در حوزۀ دکترین پرداخته خواهد شد. مقاله با ارائۀ چشم‌اندازی عملی در خصوص قاعده‌مندسازی این شکل نوین از زور پایان می‌یابد. نگارندگان با ادغام روشمند رویکردهای موجود، نظر خود را در مورد توسل به زور سایبری ارائه خواهند داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Cyber Operations as Use of Force

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farideh Shaygan 1
  • Seyed Hamed Safavi Koohsareh 2

1 Assistant Prof., University of Tehran, Kish International Campus, Iran

2 Ph.D. Student in International Law, University of Tehran, Kish International Campus, Iran

چکیده [English]

The internet has changed the game rules in different fields, and use of force is no exception. Increasing number of cyber attacks against States and their ever more sophistication in recent years may suggest a dramatic and uncertain future. This article, after considering the traditional concept of the use of force, will address the question that, whether the existing rules on analogue technologies are applicable to modern digital ones. This study will indicate that, to what extent the cyber force is reconcilable with contemporary jus ad bellum. A key question to be answered is that, whether the use of cyber force can be regarded as a use of force under article 2(4) of the UN Charter. To answer this question, this analysis relies on the interpretation techniques included in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as, the current doctrinal debates regarding cyber force. Finally, this article will end with a brief consideration of practical prospect with respect to regulation of this novel form of coercion. Integrating the existing approaches, the authors will provide their own coherent opinion regarding the use of cyber force.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cyber Exploitation
  • Use of Force
  • Cyber Attack
  • Cyber Operations
  • Cyber Intervention
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B) Articles
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15.Sklerov, Matthew J. (2009). “Solving the Dilemma of State Responses to Cyberattacks: A Justification for the Use of Active Defenses Against States Who Neglect Their Duty to Prevent”, Military Law Review, Vol. 201, pp 1–85.
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C) Documents
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36. Doc A/64/129/Add.1, 2013.
37. Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare (2013), prepared by the International Groups of Experts at the Invitation of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
38.Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare (2017). prepared by 39.the International Groups of Experts at the Invitation of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
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50. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969).
 
C) votes
51. Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v Canada), Judgment of 4 December 1998, ICJ Reports 1998.
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D) other reference
53. Melzer, Nils (2011). Cyberwarfare and International Law, UNIDIR.
54. Sklerov, M. (2009). Solving the Dilemma of State Responses to Cyberattacks: A justification for the use of active Defenses against States Who Neglect Their Duty to Prevent, Master’s Thesis, The Judge Advocate General’s School, USA.
55. Koh, Harold(2012). ‘International Law in Cyberspace’, Speech at the USCYBERCOM Inter-Agency Legal Conference, <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/ 211955. Pdf>.