دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نویسندگان

1 گروه حقوق، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران

2 گروه حقوق، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران و گروه حقوق، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

ضرورت نظامی از مفاهیم مهم حقوق جنگ است که هم در حق بر جنگ و هم در حق در جنگ مطرح می‌شود. ضرورت نظامی در حق بر جنگ به قواعد محدودکننده و تنظیم‌کنندۀ اوضاع و احوالی که دولت‌ها به موجب آن می‌توانند به زور متوسل شوند، می‌پردازد. لیکن در حقوق مخاصمات مسلحانه به محدودیت‌های مربوط به روش‌ها و ابزارهای مورد استفادۀ طرفین در جریان یک مخاصمه اشاره دارد. این نوشتار در پی پرداختن به این مسئله است که جایگاه حقوقی ضرورت نظامی در مخاصمات مسلحانه چگونه است. در پاسخ و با استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و ملاحظۀ منابع عرفی و موضوعی حقوق بین‌الملل باید گفت نوعی تحول در این حوزه رخ داده است. در گذشته غاغلب ادعا می‌شد که در صورت اقتضای ضرورت نظامی می‌توان از مقررات حاکم بر مخاصمات مسلحانه عدول کرد. این ادعا بدین‌معنا بود که ضرورت نظامی فراتر و مافوق حقوق است، لیکن این دیدگاه امروزه دیگر کارایی ندارد. امروزه مطابق حقوق بشردوستانۀ بین‌المللی باید گفت که اگر ضرورت، حقوقی نمی‌شناسد، پس حقوق و مقرراتی هم وجود ندارد. در نتیجه ضرورت نظامی را باید به‌عنوان یک استثنا هم در حوزۀ حق در جنگ و هم حق بر جنگ قلمداد کرد، البته در مقام استثنا نیز خود الزاماتی دارد که بدون احراز آنها، ضرورت محقق نخواهد شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Military Necessity as an Exception in Law of Armed Conflicts

نویسندگان [English]

  • Valiollah Noori 1
  • Seyed Ghasem Zamani 2
  • Masoud Raei 1

1 Law Department, Najaf Abad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran

2 Law Department, Najaf Abad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran – Law Department, Allameh Tabatabaee University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Military necessity is an important concept in both jus ad bellum and jus in bello. Jus ad bellum refers to the legal norms which restrict the circumstances in which states can resort to the use of force, while jus in bello refers to the placing of limits on the manner in which hostilities are conducted. In the past, it was often claimed that a belligerent party is at liberty to deviate from the law of international armed conflict when military necessity so demanded. This claim, which actually means that military necessity is superior to the law, is now completely defunct. At present, it is indisputable that if ‘necessity knows no law’, then there is no law. At present military necessity can only be considered as an exception to the humanitarian rules, but of course there is some requirements for this exception that military necessity cannot be achieved without them.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Military Necessity
  • Law of Armed Conflicts
  • Exception
  • Military Objective
  • Additional Protocol I 1977
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2. انگلیسی
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C) Cases and Documents
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