دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیأت علمی وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی، تهران، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، مؤسسۀ عالی آموزش و پژوهش، مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

«پارلمان اروپا» در 21 آوریل 2004، «رهنمود 35 /2004 دربارۀ مسئولیت محیط‌زیستی راجع به پیشگیری و جبران خسارت‌های محیط‌زیستی» را برای پاسخ به فجایع زیست‌محیطیِ با ابعاد خسارت گسترده به تصویب رسانید. «رهنمود» یادشده دو نوع رژیمِ مسئولیت مدنی محض (به‌عنوان اصل) و مسئولیت مدنی مبتنی بر تقصیر (استثنا بر اصل) را شناسایی کرده است. متصدی یا عامل زیان می‌تواند در مقابل مسئولیت محض تحمیلی، دفاعی را که در بخش الف بند 4 مادۀ 8 «رهنمود» بیان شده (دفاع رعایتِ مجوز دولتی)، به‌عمل آورد و دولت‌های عضو مختارند که دفاع متصدی یا عامل زیان را بپذیرند یا رد کنند؛ این دفاعِ اختیاری (به لحاظ اختیار دولت‌ها در پذیرش یا رد)، استثنا بر نظام مسئولیت مدنی محضِ «رهنمود» است. آوردن «دفاع رعایتِ مجوز» در پیش‌نویسِ «رهنمود» و نحوۀ استناد به آن و نوع اثر این دفاع تا گنجاندن نهایی آن در «رهنمود» روندی پرفراز و نشیب داشت و به‌علت تأثیر منفی آن بر «مسئولیت مدنی محض زیست‌محیطی اروپا» و تضعیف این نظام مسئولیت، انتقادهایی را به‌همراه داشت که به تحلیل آن موارد می‌پردازیم.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Legal critique and analyzing of Compliance with the State permit Defense for Environmental Damage in the 2004 European Environmental Directive

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Malekshahi 1
  • Hamed Malekshahi 2

1 Assistant Prof.,Member of the faculty of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education

2 Ph.D. student of private law, Higher Education and Research Institute, Management and Planning

چکیده [English]

On April 21, 2004, the European Parliament passed "Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental" to respond to environmental disasters with widespread damage; Directive have identified two types of strict liability(as originally) and liability based on fault(exceptionally); the operator can be against the strict liability, the defense in Section A 4 Article 8 provides Directive(permit defence), and it has the authority of the member states to accept the operator's defence(Optional defense). This defense is the exception to the strict liability; the inclusion of the permit defence in the Directive and the form of citation and that's effect has changed to its final insertion in the Directive several times and the critique of its impact on European environmental strict liability that has weakened this system of liability, which we are analyzing.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • 2004 European Environmental Directive
  • permit defense
  • strict liability
  • Environmental liability
  • polluter pay principle
1. فارسی
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2. انگلیسی
A) Books
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B) Articles
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C) Documents (Reports and directives)
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20. EFFACE, Directive 2004/35 on Environmental Liability work package 2 on "Instruments actors and institutions" Recital 2 of Directive 2004/35;Environmental Liability: Commission welcomes agreement on new Directive, IP/04/246, 20 February 2004: ELD, recital 2 : European Commission press release: at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-04-246_en.htm
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25. European Parliament legislative resolution on the proposal for European Parliament and Council Directive on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage COM(2002) 17 - C5-0088/2002 – 2002/0021(COD) (14 May 2003).
26. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Liability Regulations Guidance Document, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland, 2011.
27. ELD, recital; European Commission press release, Environmental Liability: Commission welcomes agreement on new Directive (IP/04/246, 20 February 2004)
28. Green Paper on Remedying Environmental Damage,COM(93),47 final, 14 May 1993.[EU Comission-COM, 1993.
29. Liability for Environmental Damage in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA): Implementation of Good International Practices, © OECD 2012.
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31. Julia Young, Assessing The Impact of The Eu Directive on Environmental Liability on Uk Environmental Legislation, Policy.