دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران،تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران،تهران، ایران

چکیده

در سیاست‌های کیفری نوین صرف اقدام به مصادرة عواید ناشی از جرائم فراملی بدون درنظر گرفتن شیوه‌ای برای هزینه‌کرد این دارایی‌ها، رویکرد مناسبی برای استفادة حداکثری از این سازوکار کیفری تلقی نمی‌شود. در این زمینه در این پژوهش ابتدا سازوکارهای موجود برای هزینه‌کرد این اموال در حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی بررسی شده است. در حین این بررسی شیوه‌هایی مانند تسهیم و استرداد اموال مصادره‌شده که مختص جرائم فراملی‌اند، از شیوه‌هایی مانند تشکیل صندوق‌های حمایت از بزه‌دیدگان جرائم خاص یا بازاستفاده‌های اجتماعی از اموال به‌دست‌آمده از مصادرة عواید ناشی از جرم که هم در جرائم ملی و هم فراملی قابل اعمال‌اند، تفکیک شده است. در مرحلة بعدی پرسش عمدة ما این بوده است که تعیین حدود این شیوه‌های هزینه‌کرد تحت لوای کدام معیارهای حقوقی قرار دارد. در پاسخ به پرسش مذکور می‌توان به معیارهایی همچون لزوم ایجاد موازنه بین هزینه‌کرد اموال مصادره‌شدة ناشی از جرم با رعایت حقوق اشخاص ثالث دارای حسن‌نیت، احترام به اصول دادرسی منصفانه و همین‌طور دقت نظر در تفکیک بین دارایی‌های مشروع و نامشروع مرتبط با جرائم فراملی اشاره کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

International Standards Governing the Confiscated Properties Expenditure Ways Emanated from Transnational Crimes

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saleh Amiri 1
  • Amirsaed Vakil 2

1 Ph.D. Student in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistance Prof., Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

The confiscation of property that is derived from crime in various criminal procedures has always been used as an effective weapon, and, with the development of domestic and international criminal law policies, it has made varieties of ways to spend this kind of property. Procedures such as establishing special crime victim funds or re-social using from funds derived from the confiscation of property derived from crime have been seen in domestic and international instruments. The important point that should not be neglected in this process is the need to adapt these practices to human rights, which has been mentioned in both judicial and internal documents as well as in international instruments. The need to strike a balance between spending confiscation interests of crime-related property in ways that empower victims of crime, such as terrorist operations or the empowerment of societies that are mostly targeted at criminals in the domestic or transnational scope and respecting the rights of third parties with good faith and distinguishing between legal and illegal property must always be considered in the confiscation proceedings.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rights of Third Parties with Good Faith
  • Forfeiture
  • Confiscation
  • Expenditure Ways Confiscated Properties
1. فارسی
الف) کتاب‌ها
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ب) مقالات
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ج) اسناد
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6. قانون مجازات مرتکبین قاچاق، ‌مصوب 29 اسفندماه 1312، نمایه‌شده در مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس، 92804.
7. قانون مجازات مواد مخدر سال 1376، جمهوری اسلامی ایران، اصلاح‌شده در 1396.
8. قانون موافقت‌نامة معاضدت حقوقی دوجانبه در امور کیفری میان دولت جمهوری اسلامی ایران و دولت جمهوری هند، مصوب 1/6/1388، نمایه در مرکز پژوهش‌ها، 788982.
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2. انگلیسی
A) Books
1. Boucht, johan (2017), The limits of Asset Confiscation, on the Legitimacy of Extended Appropriation of Criminal Proceeds, Hart Publishing, London.
2. G.Stessens (1997), Money Laundering: A New International Law Enforcement Model, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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4. Hartman, Andreas (2012), The Need For New Legislation Allowing Assets Confiscation To Be Used For Civil Society, Brussels: European Parliament,.
5. Ivory, Radha (2014), corruption, Asset Recovery and The Protection Of Property In Public International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Mohammadi, Hamid, (2011), Forfeiture, confiscation, recovery and collection of proceed of crimes,Tehran, Ganj Danesh Press (In Persian).
7. Simonato , Michele (2017), Confiscation And Fundamental Rights Across Criminal And Non-criminal Domains, De Droit , Canada: Academy Of De Droit European.
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10. UNODC(2015), Good Practice in Supporting Victims of Terrorism Within the Criminal Justice Frame Work, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna.
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B) Articles
13. Alldridge, Peter (2002), "Smuggling, Confiscation and Forfeiture", The Modern Law Review, , Law Department of the London School of Economics, Vol. 65, No. 5.
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17. Tonry, Michael ( 2006), "Purposes and Functions of Sentencing", Crime & Just. 1.
 
C) Documents
18. (Code on non-conviction-based forfeiture), Law No. 1849 from 19 July 2017, which modifies Law No. 1708 from 2014,Colombia, Atr22
19. Australia Proceeds of Crime Act, 2002
20. Code of Criminal Procedure, French Republic, 2005
21. Criminal law of the Peoples of Republic of China(1997)
22. Drug Punishment Law of 1997, Islamic Republic of Iran, amended in 2017 (In Persian).
23. European Convention on Human Rights,1953
24. European Convention on the Compensation of Victims of Violent Crimes(1983)
25. Forfeited Property Sharing Regulations, promulgated under the Seized Property Management Act,Canada, 2018
26. Honduras Asset Forfeiture Act, published through Decree No. 27-2010, modified by Decree No. 51-2014
27. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999.
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33. Proceeds Of Crime Act (POCA), U.K, 2002
34. The Comprehensive Crime Control Act, United State,(1984)
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39. United Nations Convention Against Corruption, 2004, New York
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D) Judgments
42. European Court of Human Rights , Bocellari And Rizza V.Italy, No 399/02, 13.11.2007
43. European Court of Human Rights , Gogitidze and Others v. Georgia , 2015, ECHR 158 (2015), press release, p.6
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46. Judicial Committee of the House of lords (2008)1 . A.C 1046
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