نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار، گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.
2 دانشجو کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین‌الملل، گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، واحد پردیس بین‌الملل، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.
چکیده
همه‌گیری ویروس کووید -19 (کرونا) بر اجرای تعهدات بین‌المللی دولت‌ها به‌‌ویژه در عرصة حقوق بشر تأثیرات چشمگیری گذاشت. در این میان، حق بر سلامت بیش از سایر حقوق نقض شد. به‌علاوه اگرچه قرنطینه‌سازی، فاصله‌گذاری اجتماعی، منع یا محدودسازی رفت‌وآمد و دسترسی به اطلاعات به‌منظور حفظ سلامت عمومی صورت گرفتند، در همین خصوص هم واکنش ناکارامد برخی دولت‌ها به نقض حق آزادی رفت‌وآمد و دسترسی به اطلاعات منتج شد. این مقاله با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، ضمن بررسی عملکرد دولت‌ها در اجرای سه حق مذکور به این پرسش پاسخ می‌دهد که دولت‌ها برای توجیه نقض‌های ارتکابی، امکان استناد به کدام‌یک از عوامل رافع مسئولیت بین‌المللی را دارند؟ به‌نظر می‌رسد با توجه به آستانة بالای اثبات قوة قاهره، همه‌گیری کرونا تمامی الزامات این عامل همچون غیرممکن شدن اجرای تعهدات به‌نحو مادی را برآورده نمی‌کند. اما استناد به اضطرار و ضرورت بسیار محتمل است. البته نظر به تفاوت میان دولت‌ها از حیث میزان شیوع بیماری و ظرفیت‌های مقابله با آن، نمی‌توان این عوامل را قاطعانه نسبت به همة دولت‌ها قابل اعمال دانست.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Invoking Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness as Regards International Responsibility for Violation of Human-Rights Obligations during the Covid-19 Pandemic
نویسندگان [English]
- Aghil Mohammadi 1
- Faezeh Sadat Sajjadi 2
1 Assistant prof. Department of Public and International Law, School of Law and Political Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz,. Iran
2 M.A Student in International Law, Department of Public and International Law, International Campus Unit, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
چکیده [English]
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the implementation of states' international obligations, especially in terms of international human rights law. The right to health was violated more than any other rights. Although quarantines, social distancing, travel and access-to-information bans were imposed to protect public health, the inefficiency of some states led to the violation of the right to freedom of movement as well as the right to access information. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this paper will examine the implementation of these three rights during the COVID-19 pandemic and will ask which precluding circumstances can be invoked by states to justify violations of their obligations? It seems, given the high threshold for proving force majeure, the pandemic does not meet all the requirements of this factor, such as the impossibility of materially performing obligations. Nonetheless, distress and especially necessity seem worthy of consideration. Given the differences between states in terms of the severity of the pandemic and the capacity to deal with it, these factors cannot be considered as equally applicable to all states.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Covid-19
- the Coronavirus
- global pandemic
- human rights obligations
- force majeure
- distress
- necessity
- فارسی
الف) مقالات
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ب) تارنماهای اینترنتی
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- انگلیسی
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