فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران
دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

همه‌گیری جهانی کوویدـ19، کشتی‌های تفریحی و حقوق بین‌الملل

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسنده

نگین شفیعی بافتی

استادیار بخش حقوق، دانشکدۀ حقوق و الهیات، دانشگاه شهید باهنر، کرمان، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2021.332295.2916
چکیده
پس از اعلام وضعیت همه‌گیری جهانی کوویدـ19 از سوی سازمان جهانی بهداشت، مشخص شد که یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل انتقال ویروس یک کشتی تفریحی بوده است. ماهیت خاص ویروس و ساختار ویژة کشتی‌های تفریحی مانعی بزرگ پیش‌روی پیشگیری از انتشار بیماری و مقابله با آن محسوب می‌شود. با وجود شناسایی حق‌های بشری سرنشینان کشتی از جمله حق بر سلامتی، حق حیات و حق بازگشت به خانه در چارچوب حقوقی بین‌المللی موجود، رعایت آنها به‌شدت تحت تأثیر شرایط خاص بحران همه‌گیری جهانی قرار گرفته است. هزینه‌های مربوط به ارائة خدمات پزشکی، پرچم مصلحتی، تعارض صلاحیت‌های دولت‌های صاحب بندر و ساحلی، اتخاذ رهیافت‌های یکجانبه‌گرایانه از سوی دولت‌ها با هدف اولویت‌بخشی به سلامت شهروندان و امنیت ملی و نیز نداشتن تمایل برای همکاری در سطح بین‌المللی میان مجموعه ذی‌نفعان صنعت کشتیرانی تفریحی بحران انسانی بی‌سابقه‌ای را به‌خصوص کوویدـ19 رقم زده است. با توجه به اینکه همه‌گیری جهانی کنونی آستانة جدیدی از بحران را تعریف کرده است، هرگونه پاسخگویی و همکاری در سطحی پایین‌تر از سطح بین‌المللی که مبتنی بر عدم همبستگی میان ذی‌نفعان این حوزه باشد، ناکارامد و محکوم به شکست خواهد بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

اضطرار
پرچم مصلحتی
کشتی تفریحی
کوویدـ19
مقررات بین‌المللی بهداشت

عنوان مقاله English

The COVID-19 Pandemic, Cruise Ships and International Law

نویسنده English

Negin Shafiei Bafti
Assistant Prof., Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Theology, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
چکیده English

Following the characterization of the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic by World Health Organization, it was discovered that one of the early sources of the virus spread was a cruise ship. The peculiar nature of the coronavirus and the unique characteristics of cruise ships proved to be a major barrier to disease prevention and control. Due to the current international legal framework, the pandemic left negative impacts on the fundamental human rights of travelers and crews, including right to health, right to life and repatriation. The high costs of medical treatment, flag of convenience, port and coastal state conflict of jurisdiction, the self-centered approach of states to prioritize their citizens’ health and national security, and lack of cooperation between cruise-industry stakeholders caused an unprecedented crisis at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic defined a new threshold for international health crisis, so any future cooperation should be at the international level and based on solidarity between all stakeholders in order to be effective.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

distress
flag of convenience
cruise ship
COVID-19
international health regulations
  1. فارسی

الف) کتاب‌ها

  1. سون، لویی بی؛ یوراس، کریستن گوستافسون؛ نویز، جان ای؛ فرانکس، اریک (1390)، حقوق بین‌الملل دریاها، محمد حبیبی مجنده، چ اول، تهران: جنگل.

 

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  1. انگلیسی
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  1. B) Documents
  2. Circular Letter No.4204/Add.18, “Joint Statement IMO-ICAO-ILO on designation of seafarers, marine personnel, fishing vessel personnel, offshore energy sector personnel, aviation personnel, air cargo supply chain personnel and service provider personnel at airports and ports as key workers, and on facilitation of crew changes in ports and airports in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic”, 26 May 2020e.International Health Regulations, 23 May 2005, 2509 UNTS 79, (entered into force 15 June 2007).
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  21. United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/75/17 on International cooperation to address challenges faced by seafarers as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic to support global supply chains, 1st December 2020.
  22. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (adopted 24 April 1963, entered into force 19 March 1967).
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  24. WHO, (4 September 2020), Interim Guidance on Infection Prevention and Control for the Safe Management of a Dead Body in the Context of COVID-19.
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  1. C) Reports
  2. A Current Affair Staff, (2 April 2020), ‘Why Cruise Ships Refuse to Leave Australian Shores amid Coronavirus Outbreak’, Online: <9now.nine.com.au/a-current-affair/coronavirus-cruise-ships-refuse-to-leave-australian-shores /06832 0bb-79db-4262-baa2 3dd37e9c-8cf3>.
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  13. Wright, Robert, (7 April 2020), ‘Virus Hampers Repatriation of 4,000 Crew on Cruise Ships off UK’, Financial Times, Online: https://www.ft.com/content/7f603d42-f05f-431b-9187-a7b1b9f683c4.
فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران
دوره 53، شماره 2
تابستان 1402
تابستان 1402
صفحه 641-672

  • تاریخ دریافت 21 مهر 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری 07 آذر 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش 05 دی 1400

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