نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استاد گروه دیپلماسی و سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، دانشکدۀ روابط بین‌الملل وزارت امور خارجه، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
حقوق بشر پس از جنگ جهانی دوم، نظام حقوق بین‌الملل را به‌کلی متأثر ساخت و تغییرات عمده‌ای را در آن به‌وجود آورد. از جمله تغییرات ساختاری ناشی از ظهور حقوق بشر، تغییر عمده در نظام مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت‌ها بوده است. رد پای این تغییرات را می‌توان در آرای دیوان‌های بین‌المللی و طرح مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت مصوب 2001 جست‌وجو کرد؛ با بررسی این منابع، سه دستۀ عمده از تحولات نظام مسئولیت بین‌المللی پدیدار می‌شود؛ نخست «تحول در عناصر مقوم عمل متخلفانۀ بین‌المللی»، دوم «تحول در رابطۀ میان دولت‌های متخلف و زیان‌دیده» و سوم «اقدام‌های متقابل دولت‌های غیرزیان‌دیده». در بررسی مورد نخست، صرفاً اتکا به «نقض تعهد» به‌منظور «احراز عمل متخلفانه» کفایت می‌کرد و بر همین مبنا «خسارت مادی» از عناصر مقوم «عمل متخلفانۀ بین‌المللی» حذف شد. در مورد دوم نیز دوسویگی رابطۀ دولت‌های متخلف و زیان‌دیده، در برخی موارد جای خود را به رابطۀ میان دولت متخلف و جامعۀ بین‌المللی در کل داد. همچنین پیرو دو مورد اول، با از میان رفتن «دوسویگی» و «خسارت مادی»، حق بر «اقدام‌های متقابل توسط دولت غیرزیان‌دیده» بروز یافت، به این معنا که دولت غیرزیان‌دیده نیز می‌تواند دست به اقدام‌های متقابل در برابر دولت متخلف بزند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Effects of Human Rights on the System of International Responsibility of States
نویسندگان [English]
- Reza Mousazadeh 1
- Ahmadreza Azarpendar 2
1 Prof,. Departmenetof Law, School of International Relations, Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D Candidate of public International Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
After the Second World War, human rights greatly affected the international law. Among the structural changes resulting from the emergence of human rights was the major change in the system of international responsibility of states. Traces of these changes can be found in the decisions of international courts and the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts adopted in 2001. By examining these sources, three categories of changes in the system of international responsibility can be discerned: first is change in the elements of international wrongful act; the second is change in the relationship between offending and aggrieved states; and third is countermeasure by non-aggrieved states. In the first case, the mere breach of an international obligation was sufficient to establish an “internationally wrongful act” and on this basis “material damage” was removed as a constituent element of a wrongful act. In the second case, the mutual relationship between the offending and aggrieved states, in some instances, gave way to the relationship between the offending state and the international community as a whole. In the third case, following the disappearance of the first two, the right to “countermeasure by a non-aggrieved” emerged
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- countermeasures by a non-aggrieved states
- human rights
- internationally wrongful act
- international responsibility of states.
- فارسی
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