دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

2 دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

حقوق بین‌الملل از حیث مبانی هنجاری، ساختار و نهادهای قاعده‌ساز، به‌وضوح از بحران مشروعیت رنج می‌برد که به‌واسطۀ ذات منحصربه‌فرد آن و معضلات موجود در جامعۀ جهانی، به‌ناگزیر متحمل شده است. واکاوی چالش مشروعیت در حقوق بین‌الملل و نحوۀ پاسخگویی این نظام حقوقی برای اینکه شایستگی بقا و توان حل مسائل و مشکلات بین‌المللی را داشته باشد، سؤال این پژوهش است. از سویی چالش‌های مزبور اغلب متوجه مسئلۀ مشروعیت است و از سوی دیگر، بررسی چالش‌ها به شیوۀ توصیفی ـ تحلیلی نشان می‌دهد که مشروعیت پیوستگی زیادی با جامعۀ پیرامونی آن دارد. در نتیجه، بهترین راه برای تدبیر بحران مشروعیت حقوق بین‌الملل، بازگشت به مفاهیمی چون عدالت، صلح و بشریت است که جامعۀ جهانی آنها را به‌عنوان ارزش‌های خود برگزیده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Resorting to the Values of the Global Community to Solve the Legitimacy Crisis of the International Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sayyed Ghasem Zamani 1
  • Mahshid Ajeli lahiji 2

1 Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

2 Ph.D. in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

International law is suffering from legitimacy crisis because of its legal basis, structure and law making institutions. This crisis has mainly happened because of global community problems and unique nature of international law. Evaluating legitimacy challenges of international law and its attempt for solving the problem and international issues is the main question of this study. Thus the main problem is about legitimacy and considering the legitimacy challenges by using analytical – descriptive method will indicate that legitimacy is completely related to its surrounding community. As the result, the best way for solving the legitimacy crisis of international law is getting back to the concepts like justice, peace and humanity which are chosen as values by the global community.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Global community values
  • State
  • Legitimacy
  • International law system
  • Law making institutions
  1. فارسی

الف( کتاب‌ها

  1. زمانی، سید قاسم (1392)، حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، تهران: مؤسسۀ مطالعات و پژوهش‌های حقوقی شهر دانش.
  2. ژانرو، مونیک شمیلیه (1382)، بشریت و حاکمیت‌ها: سیری در حقوق بین‌الملل، ترجمۀ مرتضی کلانتریان، تهران: آگاه.
  3. فلسفی، هدایت‌الله (1396)، سیر عقل در منظومۀ حقوق بین‌الملل، تهران: فرهنگ نشر نو.
  4. کاسسه، آنتونیو (1370)، حقوق بین‌الملل در جهانی نامتحد، ترجمۀ مرتضی کلانتریان، تهران: دفتر خدمات حقوقی بین‌المللی.
  5. موسی‌زاده، رضا (1395)، سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، تهران: میزان.

 

ب( مقالات

  1. بوکنن، آلن (1393)، «مشروعیت حقوق بین‌الملل»، ترجمۀ مریم حاجی عرب، در: جامعۀ بین‌المللی و حقوق بین‌الملل در قرن بیست‌ویکم، به اهتمام سید قاسم زمانی، تهران، مؤسسۀ مطالعات و پژوهش‌های حقوقی شهر دانش، ص 406 – 385.
  2. بیگ‌زاده، ابراهیم (1394)، «پیش‌درآمدی بر حقوق دریاها»، در: تحولات حقوق بین‌الملل دریا، گنج دانش، ص 39 – 36.
  3. شریف، محمد (1378)، «میراث مشترک بشریت و وصف آن به‌عنوان قاعدۀ آمره»، پژوهش حقوق و سیاست، ش 1، ص 181 ـ 135.
  4. شهبازی، آرامش؛ جوادی شریف، خدیجه (1392)، «وضعیت دولت ـ کشورهای ناتوان در حقوق بین‌الملل معاصر»، پژوهش حقوق عمومی، ش 39، ص60 ـ 35.
  5. فلسفی، هدایت‌الله (1380 ـ 1381)، «حق، صلح و منزلت انسانی: تأملاتی در مفاهیم قاعدۀ حقوقی، ارزش اخلاقی و بشریت»، مجلۀ حقوقی، ش 26 و 27، ص 130 ـ 5.

 

  1. انگلیسی
  2. A) Books
  3. Alvarez, José E. (2005), International Organizations as Law-makers, New York, Oxford University Press.
  4. Besson, Samantha and John Tasioulas (2010),The Philosophy of International Law, New York, Oxford University Press.
  5. Boyle, Alan & Chinkin, Christine (2007), The Making of International Law, New York, Oxford University Press.
  6. Franck, T. (1990). The Power of Legitimacy among Nations, New York, Oxford University Press.
  7. Hovden, Eivind & Keene, Edward (2002), The Globalization of Liberalism, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan.
  8. Krasner, Stephen D. (1999), Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy, Princeton (New Jersey), Princeton University Press.
  9. Simpson, G. (2004), Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

 

  1. B) Articles
  2. Anghie, Antony (2006), “The Evolution of International Law: colonial and postcolonial realities”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 739-753.
  3. Besson, Samantha (2011), “Sovereignty, International Law and Democracy”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 373–387
  4. Boon, Kristen E. (2008), “Coining a New Jurisdiction: The Security Council as Economic Peacekeeper”, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 991-1042.
  5. Brooks, Rosa Ehrenreich (2005), “Failed States, or the State as Failure?”, The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 1159-1196.
  6. Buchanan, Allen & Keohane, Robert O. (2008). “The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions”, in: Legitimacy in International Law, Rüdiger Wolfrum and Volker Röben (eds.), Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer, pp. 25-62.
  7. Caney, Simon (2009), “The responsibilities and legitimacy of economic international institutions”, in: Legitimacy, justice and public international law, Lukas H. Meyer (eds.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 92-122.
  8. Carswell, Andrew J. (2013), “Unblocking the UN Security Council: The Uniting for Peace Resolution”, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 453–480
  9. Coicaud, Jean-Marc (2010), “Deconstructing International Legitimacy”, in: Charlesworth, Hilary and Jean-Marc Coicaud (eds), Fault Lines of International Legitimacy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 29-86.
  10. Coicaud, Jean-Marc (2010), “Legitimacy, Across Borders and Over Time”, in: in: Charlesworth, Hilary and Jean-Marc Coicaud (eds), Fault Lines of International Legitimacy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 17-28.
  11. Franchini, Daniel (17 November 2017). “Suing Foreign States Before U.S. Courts: Non-Recognition of State Immunity as a Response to Internationally Wrongful Acts”, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3073429
  12. Kelman, Herbert C. (1970). “The Role of the Individual in International Relations: Some Conceptual and Methodological Considerations”, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1-17.
  13. Kelsen, Hans (1994). “The Principle of Sovereign Equality of States as a Basis for International Organizations”, Yale Law Journal, Vol. 53, pp. 207-220.
  14. Llamzon, Aloysius, Julie Maupin and Saira Mohamed (2017). “An Introduction: What International Law Values”, American Society of International Law, Vol. 111, pp. 1-1.
  15. Martin, Christopher (2004), “The Fact/Value Distinction”, In: Human Values, David S. Oderberg and Timothy Chappell (eds.), Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 52-69.
  16. Murphy, Sean D. (2005), “The Doctrine of Preemptive Self-Defense”, Villanova Law Review, Vol. 50, pp. 699-748.
  17. Nasu, H. (2011), “The UN Security Council’s Responsibility and the Responsibility to Protect”, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations law, Vol. 15, pp. 377-418.
  18. Okafor, Obiora Chinedu (2008), “Critical Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL): Theory, Methodology, or Both?”, International Community Law Review, Vol. 10, pp. 371-378
  19. Roth, Brad R. (2004), “The enduring Significance of State Sovereignty”, Florida Law Review, Vol. 56, pp. 1017-1050.
  20. Sands, Philippe (2000), “Unilateralism, Values, and International Law”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 291-302.
  21. Sellers, Mortimer (2010), “The Legitimacy of International Law”, JOTWELL, Onlione article available at: file:///C:/Users/Win%208/Downloads/the-legitimacy-of-international-law%20(1).pdf
  22. Szasz, P.C. (2002), ‘The Security Council Starts Legislating’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 96, No. 4, pp. 901-905.
  23. Talmon, Stefan (2005), “The Security Council as World Legislature”, Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 175-193.
  24. Thomas, C. (2013), "The Concept of Legitimacy and International Law", LSE Law, Society and Economy Working Papers 12, pp. 1-32.
  25. Toope, S. (2003), “Powerful but Unpersuasive? The Role of the United States in the Evolution of Customary International Law”, in: United States Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law, M. Byers and G. Nolte (eds.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 287-316.
  26. Vail, Christopher (2017), “The Legality of Nuclear Weapons for Use and Deterrence”, Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol. 48, pp. 839-872.
  27. Velásquez-Ruiz, Marco Alberto (2011), “In the Name of International Peace and Security: Refections on the United Nations Security Council's Legislative Action”, International Law: Revista Colombiana de Derecho Internacional, No. 18, pp. 13-56.
  28. Wessel, R.A. and J. Wouters (2007). “The Phenomenon of Multilevel Regulation: Interactions between Global, EU and National Regulatory Spheres”, International Organizations Law Review, No. 2, pp. 257–289
  29. Wet, Erika de (2013), “Invoking obligations erga omnes in the twenty-first century: Progressive developments since Barcelona Traction”, South African Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 38, Issue 1, pp. 2-19.
  30. Wight, Martin, (1972), “International Legitimacy”, International Relations, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-28.

 

  1. C) International Documents
  2. International Arbitrary, Island of Palmas Case (Netherlands, USA), Report of International Arbitral Awards, Vol. 2, 4 April 1928
  3. International Court of Justice, Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judgment of 14 February 2002
  4. International Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment of 3 February 2012
  5. International Court of Justice, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, 2004
  6. International Court of Justice, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, 8 July 1996
  7. International Court of Justice, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment of 27 June 1986
  8. International Court of Justice, Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands V. United Kingdom), Judgment of 5 October 2016.
  9. International Court of Justice, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Separate opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade, 20 April 2010
  10. United Nations General Assembly, Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, A/RES/S-6/3201, 1 May 1974
  11. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1368, 56th Sess., 4370th mtg., U.N. Doc. S/RES/ 1368, 2001
  12. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1373, S/RES/1373, 28 September 2001