نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استاد گروه حقوق پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشۀ اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بینالملل عمومی دانشگاه تهران، ایران، تهران
چکیده
نظر به پیچیدگی ماهیت و نحوة ارتکاب جرائم مرتبط با فساد، سازوکارهای مبارزه با این جرائم نیز اقتضائات ویژه‌ای را طلب می‌کنند. از جمله مهم‌ترین این سازوکارها نهادهای ملی مبارزه با فساد هستند که به‌طور تخصصی به مبارزه با فساد می‌پردازند و در سالیان اخیر رو به گسترش بوده‌اند. بر مبنای نوشتار با روش تحلیلی- توصیفی و طی یک مزیت‌سنجی تطبیقی، می‌توان ادعا کرد که الگوی وحدت نهادی نسبت به تعدد نهادی با نظم حقوقی جمهوری اسلامی ایران سازگارتر است. همچنین در طراحی نهاد واحد پیشنهادی باید اصولی را که در نهادهای مبارزه با فساد فعلی کشور مورد توجه نبوده‌اند، مدنظر قرار داد. از جمله مهم‌ترین این اصول مصونیت مسئولان نهاد مبارزه با فساد، استقلال نهاد در تأمین اعتبارات مالی و پاسخگویی درون‌نهادی و برون‌نهادی آن است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Principles Governing the Establishment of A National Anti-Corruption Agency in the Islamic Republic of Iran Using Transnational Experiences
نویسندگان [English]
- Mahmoud Hekmatnyia 1
- Saleh Amiri 2
1 Prof Law Department of the Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought, Tehran, Iran
2 PhD Candidate of Public International law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Due to the complexity of the nature and manner of committing corruption-related crimes, mechanisms to combat these crimes also require special requirements. One of the most important of these mechanisms is the establishment of national anti-corruption institutions, which specialize in combating corruption and have been expanding in recent years. This paper’s findings, using a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative advantage measurement, indicate that the model of institutional unity is more compatible with the legal order of the Islamic Republic of Iran in contrast to institutional pluralism. Also, in designing the proposed single institution, the principles that have been ignored in the current anti-corruption institutions should be considered. Among the most important of these principles is the immunity of the anti-corruption institution’s officials, the independence of the institution in providing financial credits and its internal and external accountability.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- permanence principle
- principle of mission
- accountability
- United Nations Convention Against Corruption
- national anti-corruption agency
- فارسی
الف) مقالات
- امیری، صالح؛ ملاکریمی، امید (1400)، «چالش‌های جمهوری اسلامی ایران در جرم‌انگاری عنوان دارا شدن نامشروع مندرج در کنوانسیون مبارزه با فساد سازمان ملل متحد»، فصلنامۀ مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران، دورۀ 51، ص 1395-1416.
ب) اسناد
- آیین‌نامۀ مرجع ملی و نهاد هماهنگی کنوانسیون سازمان ملل متحد برای مبارزه با فساد، 1392.
- قانون تشکیل سازمان بازرسی کل کشور، 1360، مجلس شورای اسلامی.
- قانون دیوان محاسبات کشور، 1361، مجلس شورای اسلامی.
- انگلیسی
- A) Books
- UNODC, (2020), Colombo Commentary On The Jakarta Statement OnPrinciples For Anti-Corruption Agencies, UNODC, Vienna.
- OECD (2013), Specialized Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models, 2nd ed, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
- UNODC (2006), Legislative guide for the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, UNODC, Vienna.
- B) Articles
- Jon S. T. Quah (2009), “Combating corruption in the Asia-Pacific countries: what do we know and what needs to be done?”, International Public Management Review, Vol. 10, No. 1.
- De Jaegere (2012), “Principles for anti-corruption agencies, A game Changer”, Jindal Journal of Public Policy,, Vol. 1, Issue 1, India.
- Patrick, Meagher (2014), “Anti-corruption agencies, Rhetoric Versus Reality”, The Journal of Policy Reform, Trustees of Princeton University, United State.
- C) Document
- Criminal law Convention on Corruption of the Council of Europe, 1999
- African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AUCPCC) (2003).
- United Nation Convention Against Corruption, (2003).
- Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988.
- Jordan, Integrity and Anti-Corruption Law, No. 13 of 2016.
- Jakarta Statement on Principles for Anti-Corruption Agencies, Jakarta, 26-27 November 2012, Available at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/ corruption/WG-Prevention/Art_6_Preventive _anti-corruption_bodies/ JAKARTA_STATEMENT_en.pdf
- Italy, Penal Code, Law No. 69 on Provisions on Crimes against the Public Administration, Mafia-type Associations and False Accounting of 27 May 2015
- Marie Chêne, “Anti-corruption clauses in constitutions”, Transparency International, Anti-Corruption Help Desk, 30 September 2013
- Constitution of Nepal of 2015, Available at: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Nepal_2015.pdf
- Constitution of Bhutan of 2008, Available at: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bhutan_2008.pdf?lang=en
- Jordan, Integrity and Anti-Corruption Law, No. 13 of 2016
- Law on the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, Ukraine,25 February 2015
- Integrity and Prevention of Corruption, Slovenia, 2020
- Latvia, Law on the Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau (2012)
- Burkina Faso, Organic Law No. 082-2015/CNT
- Australia, New South Wales, Independent Commission against Corruption Act 1988
- Sri Lanka, Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery or Corruption Act, No. 19 (1994)
- Report on the meeting of the Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on the Prevention of Corruption, CAC/COSP/WG.4/2014/2, para. 63
- Mauritius, Prevention of Corruption Act, 2002
- Constitution of Fiji, 2013, Available at: https://www.constituteproject.org/ constitution/Fiji_2013.pdf?lang=en
- Kuwait, Law No . 2 of 2016 on Establishing the Kuwait Anti-Corruption Authority and the Provisions on Disclosure of Assets and Liabilities, 2016
- Center for the Advancement of Public Integrity, “Funding integrity: comparing Inspector General funding approaches” (March 2018)
- D) Websites
- Hong Kong Independent Commission against Corruption, “Checks and Balances, InternalMonitoring”. Available at:www.icac.org/hk.
- https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2021
- Resolution 51/59, 1997, General Assembly, Available at: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/231078?ln=en
- United Kingdom National Crime Agency, “Audit and risk assurance committee: terms of reference”, available at:
- www.national crime agency .gov.uk/; and HM Treasury, “Audit and risk assurance committee handbook” (March 2016).
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