دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانش ‏آموختۀ دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

10.22059/jplsq.2021.308651.2533

چکیده

در عصر حاضر فعالیت‌های بشری در دریاها محدود به مناطق تحت صلاحیت نیست، بلکه به مناطق خارج از حوزۀ صلاحیت ملی نیز تسری یافته و اثر مخرب چنین فعالیت‌هایی به نگرانی فزاینده در زمینۀ سلامت اقیانوس‌ها و تنوع زیستی موجود در آن منجر شده است. بدیهی است نقصان یا آسیب بر پیکر تنوع زیستی، تداوم حیات انسان بر کرة زمین را با چالش‌های جدی مواجه می‌سازد که نیازمند اقدام فوری به‌منظور حفظ و استفادة پایدار از آن خواهد بود. ازاین رو اجرای طرح های مبتنی بر زیست‌بوم نظیر ایجاد مناطق حفاظت‌شدة دریایی که بتواند مدیریت زیست‌محیطی دریاها را ارتقا دهد، ضرورت دارد. بر این اساس هدف این تحقیق آن است که چارچوب‌های مقرراتی مناطق حفاظت‌شدۀ دریایی را در اسناد بین‌المللی و منطقه ای تحلیل کند و با بررسی چالش های موجود، نحوة اجرایی شدن این مهم را در مناطق خارج از حوزۀ صلاحیت ملی ارزیابی کند.  

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Marine Protected Areas in Areas Beyond National ‎Jurisdiction: A Tool for Conservation of Biodiversity

نویسنده [English]

  • Kosar Firouzpour

Ph.D. in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

In today's era, human activities at sea are not limited to areas under national jurisdiction, but have also extended to areas beyond national jurisdiction, and the destructive effects of such activities has led to increasing concern in the field of ocean health and biodiversity. Clearly, the loss or damage to the body of biodiversity poses serious challenges to the survival of human life on Earth, and addressing this important concern will require immediate action to preserve and sustainable use of it. Therefore, it is necessary to implement ecosystem-based projects such as the creating marine protected areas that can improve the environmental management of the seas. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to examine the conceptual analysis of these areas by examining existing international documents and then to evaluate regional initiatives and related international regulations in this area and the challenges in achieving this important goal. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • biodiversity
  • marine ‎protected areas
  • regional ‎initiatives
  • law of the sea.‎
  1. فارسی

الف) رساله‌ها

  1. تقی‌زاده، زکیه (1399)، تنوع زیستی دریایی در مناطق خارج از صلاحیت ملی به‌مثابۀ میراث مشترک بشریت، رسالۀ دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، پردیس فارابی.
  2. فیروزپور، کوثر (1398)، حفاظت و استفاده پایدار از تنوع زیستی دریایی در مناطق خارج از صلاحیت ملی، رسالۀ دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل دانشگاه تهران.

 

  1. انگلیسی
  2. A) Books
  3. Daud, Hassan (2019), International marine environmental law and policy, London: Routledge.
  4. Ehrlich P. & Ehrlich, A. (1981), Extinction:The causes and consequences of the disappearance of species, Ballantine Books.
  5. Kolbert, Elizabeth (2014), The sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History , Henry Holt and Co.Kindle Edition.
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  8. Usha Tandon (2018), Biodiversity: law, policy and governance, London: Routledge.
  9. Wilson, E.O. (2003), The future of life , Vintage; Reprint edition, New York.

 

  1. B) Articles
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  3. Elisabeth Druel, Julien Rochette, Raphaël Billé, and Claudio Chiarolla,(2013)," A long and winding road: International discussions on the governance of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction" , IDDRI Study 7/13. Paris.
  4. Michael J. Adams, David A. W. Miller , Erin Muths, Paul Stephen Corn, Evan H. Campbell Grant, Larissa L. Bailey, Gary M. Fellers, Robert N. Fisher, Walter J. Sadinski, Hardin Waddle, and Susan C. Walls (2013), “Trends in Amphibian Occupancy in the United States”, Plos One Online Journal, available at http://www.plosone.org/article
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  1. C) Documents
  2. Agreement Concerning the Creation of a Marine Mammal Sanctuary in the Mediterranean (25 November 1999). For information in English, see http://www.sanctuaire-pelagos.org/en
  3. CBD, 2005, "Report of the First Meeting of the Ad Hoc Open- ened Working Group On Protected Areas", Montecatini, Italy, 13-17, 2005. UNEP/ CBD/WG PA/1/6.
  4. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, entered into force 29 December 1993 (OSPAR Convention).
  5. Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted 5 June 1992, in force 29 December 1993.
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  7. Convention on Biological Diversity, COP Decision VIII/24, Protected Area, UNEP/ CBD/ COP/ DEC/ VIII/ 24, 15 June 2006.
  8. Convention on the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, 1976; amended in 1995 and renamed Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean.
  9. Decisions Adopted by the conference of the parties to the convention on biological diversity at its fourth meeting(4-15 May1998)
  10. FAO website: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4400/en (last accessed 26 May 2015).
  11. General Assembly Resolution 17.38 of 1988, re-affirmed by Resolution 19.46 of 1994.
  12. http://www.repcet.com/docs/SE_2014_01_03_Pres-REPCET_en.pdf
  13. http://www.sanctuaire-pelagos.org/en/about-us/management-plan
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  15. ISA, Decision of the Council of the International Seabed Authority relating to amendments to the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area and related matters. 2013; ISBA/19/C/17; Section V.31.6.
  16. ISA, Decision of the Council relating to an environmental management plan for the Clarion-ClippertonZone.2012.ISBA/18C/22. https://www.isa.org.jm /files/documents/EN/18Sess/Council/ISBA-18C-22.pdf
  17. Palitha T B Kohona and LiesbethLijnzaad , Letter dated 30 June 2011 from Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to the President of the General Assembly , A/66/119 , United Nation General Assembly,66 sess , Item 77(a) of the preliminary list (30 june 2011)(2011 BBNJ report).
  18. Palitha T B Kohona and LiesbethLijnzaad , Letter dated 30 June 2011 from Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to the President of the General Assembly , A/66/119 , United Nation General Assembly,66 sess , Item 77(a) of the preliminary list (30 june 2011)(2011 BBNJ report)para 8. see section 3.3.2.1 of chapter 3 for a detailed legal definition and explanation of biodiversity.
  19. Palitha T B Kohona and LiesbethLijnzaad , Letter dated 5 May 2014 from Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to the President of the General Assembly , A/69/82 , United Nation General Assembly,69sess , Item 75(a) of the preliminary list (5 May 2014)
  20. Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (adopted 10 June 1995, entered into force 12 December 1999).
  21. Sabine Christiansen, ‘Background document for the High Seas MPAs: Regional Approaches and Experiences side event at the 12th UNEP Global Meeting of the Regional Seas Conventions and Action Plans, 20th of September 2010’ (WWF Germany 2010).
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  23. UN, ‘The Future We Want’ (2012)
  24. UNEP/MAP, Report of the twelfth ordinary meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Convention for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution and its protocols, Monaco; 14–17 November, 2001, UNEP(DEC)/MED IG.13/8, 30 December 2001, Annex IV.
  25. United Nation Convention on Law of the Sea(UNCLOS),1982
  26. United Nations, 2006."Report of the Ad Hoc Open- ended Informal Working Group to Study Issues Relating to the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity Beyond Areas of National Jurisdiction," A/ 61/ 65
  27. World Wildlife Federation ,The living Planet Report(2016),available at www.worldwildlife.org