دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

10.22059/jplsq.2021.326091.2808

چکیده

مقالۀ حاضر در پرتو حقوق بین‌الملل و رأی دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری در قضیۀ جاداو (دعوای هند علیه پاکستان)، به بررسی امکان حمایت کنسولی از مرتکبان جاسوسی و اعمال تروریستی می‌پردازد. در این پژوهش که به شیوۀ توصیفی تحلیلی انجام می‌گیرد، ضمن بازپژوهی رویۀ دیوان در قضایای راجع به تفسیر و اجرای مادۀ 36 کنوانسیون 1963 وین در خصوص روابط کنسولی، بدواَ این نتیجه حاصل می‌شود که دیوان در تعقیب رویۀ پیشین خود، به‌واسطۀ محدودیت‌های صلاحیتی، برقراری پیوند میان نهاد حمایت کنسولی و حقوق بشر را غیرممکن می‌داند. اما با یادآوری تعهد دولت متخلف به بازبینی مؤثر و تجدیدنظر در احکام محکومیت و مجازات، اهمیت حمایت کنسولی در مؤثرسازی حق دادرسی عادلانه را به‌صورت ضمنی تأیید می‌کند. افزون‌بر این دیوان با انکار وجود «استثنای تروریسم و جاسوسی» در معاهدات و حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی، تمامی افراد محروم از آزادی را فارغ از اتهام کیفری و شدت ارتکاب جرم شایستۀ دریافت حمایت کنسولی از جانب دولت متبوع خود دانسته است. این رویکرد دیوان در دنبالۀ انسانی شدن تدریجی حقوق بین‌الملل ارزیابی می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Consular Protection in Light of the ICJ's Judgement in the Jadhav Case

نویسنده [English]

  • Ehsan Shahsavari

Assistant Prof., Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

چکیده [English]

This article paper examines the possibility of consular protection in espionage and terrorist act cases from the perspective of international law and the International Court of Justice judgment in the Jadhav case (India v. Pakistan). In this descriptive- and analytical research, by re-examining the precedent of the court in cases related to the interpretation and application of article 36 of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, we conclude that the Court, because of jurisdictional limitations, reaffirms its previous precedent (stare decisions) on not considering consular protection as a human right. But by remembering the responsibility of the host state to effective review and reconsideration of the convictions and sentences, the court implicitly confirms the importance of consular protection in making the right to a fair trial more effective. Moreover, by denying the existence of the "terrorism and espionage exclusion" in treaties and customary international law, the Court considered that all persons deprived of liberty regardless of their criminal charge and its gravity have the right to receive consular protection from their respective state. The approach of the International Court of Justice cas d’espece is evaluated in the sequence of progressive humanization of international law.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • espionage and terrorism exclusion
  • review and reconsideration
  • fair trial
  • provisional measure
  • VCCR
  • capital punishment
  1. فارسی

- مقالات

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  1. انگلیسی
  2. A) Book
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  1. B) Article
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  1. C) Document
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  24. Statute of the International Court of Justice, 1945
  25. United Nations, doc A/CONF.25/16/Add.1, Vol. I
  26. United Nations, doc A/CONF.25/16/Add.1, Vol. II
  27. VCCR, 1963
  28. VCLT, 1969

 

  1. D) Judgment
  2. ICJ Judgment, Ahmadou Sadio, Judgment of 30 November 2010
  3. ICJ Judgment, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Judgment of 26 February 2007
  4. ICJ Judgment, Avena and Other Mexican Nationals, Judgment of 31 March 2004
  5. ICJ Judgment, Border and Transborder Armed Actions, Judgment of 20 December 1988
  6. ICJ Judgment, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area, Separate opinion of Judge Bhandari
  7. ICJ Judgment, Certain Iranian Assets, Judgment of 13 February 2019
  8. ICJ Judgment, Immunities and Criminal Proceedings, Judgment of 6 June 2018
  9. ICJ Judgment, Jadhav, Judgment of 17 July 2019
  10. ICJ Judgment, Jadhav, Judgment of 17 July 2019, Declaration of Judge Iwasawa
  11. ICJ Judgment, Jadhav, Judgment of 17 July 2019, Declaration of Judge Robinson
  12. ICJ Judgment, Jadhav, Judgment of 17 July 2019, Dissenting opinion of Judge Jillani
  13. ICJ Judgment, Jadhav, Judgment of 17 July 2019, Separate opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade
  14. ICJ Judgment, Jadhav, Request for the indication of provisional measures, Order of 18 May 2017
  15. ICJ Judgment, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004
  16. ICJ Judgment, Northern Cameroons, Judgment of 2 December 1963
  17. ICJ Judgment, Nottebohm, Judgment of 6 April 1955
  18. ICJ Judgment, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay, Judgment of 20 April 2010
  19. ICJ Judgment, Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals Judgment of 19 January 2009
  20. ICJ Judgment, Right of Passage over Indian Territory, Judgment of 26 November 1957
  21. ICJ Judgment, United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, Judgment of 24 May 1980
  22. ICTR, Juvénal Kajelijeli V. Prosecutor (appeal chamber), Case No. ICTR-98-44A-A, 23 May 2005
  23. ICTR, Prosecutor v. Kambanda, judgment and sentence Case No.: ICTR 97-23-S, 4 September 1998
  24. PCIJ, Factory at Chorzow (Merits), Judgment of 13 September 1928