نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دکتری حقوق بینالملل و پژوهشگر مرکز تحقیقات اخلاق و حقوق پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
2 استادیار گروه حقوق دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد هشتگرد، البرز، ایران
چکیده
مهمترین هدف سازمان تجارت جهانی افزایش استانداردهای زندگی و گسترش تجارت است. ازاینرو، این سازمان محل حلوفصل اختلافات ناشی از تعارض منافع تجاری دولتهاست و باید در این زمینه موافقتنامهها و اسناد لازمالاجرای مربوطه را با روشی بیطرفانه تفسیر کند؛ چراکه مقررات بینالمللی تجارت نهتنها بهمنظور حمایت از منافع تجاری، بلکه با گسترش ارتباطات بینالمللی و با توجه به منافع مصرفکنندگان در تجارت بینالملل تصویب شدهاند. بهدلیل اهمیت مؤلفة حفظ سلامت عمومی و ایمنی غذا در روند تجارت کالاهایی مانند محصولات تراریخته یا اصلاحشدة ژنتیکی، برقراری تعادل میان منافع تجاری و منافع مصرفکنندگان و بهعبارتی ملاحظات اقتصادی دولتهای صادرکننده و ملاحظات اجتماعی دولتهای واردکننده بسیار حیاتی است. مسئله این است که اختلافات بین طرفین تجاری در اعمال مفاد موافقتنامههای سازمان تجارت جهانی بر تجارت محصولات تراریخته از یک سو و سایر اسناد بینالمللی و داخلی ـ که بیشتر بر اتخاذ اقدامات محدودیتی مبتنی بر رویکرد حقوق بشرمحور متمرکزندـ از سوی دیگر، موجب بروز چالشهای حقوقی شده است. این مقاله با تمسک از روش توصیفی و تحلیلی درصدد تبیین این چالشها در نظام هنجاری و ارائۀ راهکارهایی در این زمینه بوده است.
کلیدواژهها
- پروتکل کارتاهنا
- رکن حل اختلاف سازمان تجارت جهانی
- محصولات تراریخته
- موافقتنامههای سازمان تجارت جهانی.
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Trade in GMO Products within the Framework of WTO Agreements: Challenges and Solutions
نویسندگان [English]
- Navid Zamaneh Ghadim 1
- Yousef Bagheri Hamed 2
1 Ph.D. in International Law and Researcher of Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Law, Islamic Azad University, Hashtgerd Branch, Alborz,, Iran
چکیده [English]
The WTO is the main institution regulating international trade. Raising living standards and expanding trade are important goals of the WTO. On the other hand, this organization is a place for settlement of disputes that arise from states conflict of commercial interests and in this regard, it must interpret the relevant agreements and binding instruments in an impartial manner. International trade regulations have not been enacted only to protect trade interests, but also the interests of consumers This is because the trade process of goods such as GMOs, due to the importance of maintaining public health and food safety in them, requires a balance between trade and consumer interests, in other words, economic considerations of exporting countries and social considerations of importing countries. The problem is that by applying the provisions of WTO agreements to the trade of GMOs on one hand, and other international and domestic instruments on the other, disputes have arisen between the trading parties, which has led to legal challenges. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical method, attemts to explain these challenges in the WTO normative and procedural system, and to provide solutions to the said challenges.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- cartagena protocol
- GMOs
- WTO agreements
- WTO dispute settlement body
- فارسی
الف) کتاب
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- انگلیسی
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