دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار سابق، حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری، تهران، ایران

2 دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری، تهران، ایران

10.22059/jplsq.2021.325560.2798

چکیده

قتل فراقضایی در حقوق بین‌الملل، توسل به زور عمدی و کشنده از جانب دولت‌هاست که بر اساس قواعد حاکم بر حق حیات، توجیه‌پذیر نیست و بدون مجوز قانونی و بدون طی فرایند محاکمۀ عادلانه، به‌صورت خودسرانه انجام می‌گیرد. در 3 ژانویۀ 2020، حملۀ هوایی یک پهپاد نظامی بدون سرنشین آمریکایی علیه سردار قاسم سلیمانی و هیأت همراه در فرودگاه بغداد، موجب شهادت ایشان و همراهان شد و بلافاصله ایالات‌ متحدۀ آمریکا طی اعلامیه‌ای مسئولیت ارتکاب این اقدام را بر عهده گرفت. این مقاله به‌دنبال پاسخگویی به این پرسش است که آیا اقدام ایالات ‌متحده علیه سردار شهید سلیمانی و هیأت همراه در فرودگاه بغداد می‌تواند قتل فراقضایی در حقوق بین‌الملل تلقی شود؟ مقالۀ حاضر با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی به این نتیجه نائل می‌شود که ایالات متحده با اقدام به محرومیت خودسرانۀ حیات، بدون مجوز قانونی و بدون طی فرایند محاکمۀ عادلانه، علیه سردار سلیمانی و هیأت همراه، مرتکب قتل فراقضایی شده و علاوه‌بر نقض حقوق بشری این اشخاص، از ضوابط حقوق بشردوستانه و حقوق بین‌الملل کیفری نیز عدول کرده است. البته نباید فراموش کرد که سردار سلیمانی و هیأت همراه هرگز در دادگاهی صالح و با طی فرایند محاکمۀ عادلانه، مستحق مجازات اعدام تشخیص داده نشده بودند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Extrajudicial Killing in international Law: Case study of US Action in the Assassination of General Soleimani

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sayed Taha Mousavi Mirkalayee 1
  • Morteza Pouraziz 2

1 Former Assistant Professor, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services, Tehran, Iran

2 MA. in International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Extrajudicial killing in international law, is the use of intentional and lethal force by states, which is not justifiable under the rules of the right to life and can be carried out arbitrarily without legal authorization and without a fair trial. On January 3, 2020, a US drone strike killed General Qassem Soleimani and his entourage at Baghdad Airport, killing him and his entourage. The United States immediately took responsibility for the attack. This article seeks to answer the question of whether the United States' action against General Soleimani and his entourage at Baghdad airport could be considered extrajudicial killing in international law. The present article concludes descriptively-analytically that the United States has committed extrajudicial killing against General Soleimani and his entourage by arbitrarily depriving them of life, without legal authorization and without a fair trial. In addition to the violation of human rights of the individuals, US action also violated the rules of International humanitarian law and international criminal law. Of course, it should not be forgotten that General Soleimani and her entourage were never sentenced to death in a competent court and through a fair trial.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Extrajudicial killing
  • United States Action
  • General Soleimani
  • Right to Life
  • Fair Trial
  1. فارسی

الف) کتاب‌ها

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ب) مقالات

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  4. عزیزی، ستار (1399). قتل هدفمند از نگاه حقوق بین‌الملل و حقوق داخلی ایالات متحدۀ آمریکا: مطالعۀ موردی ترور سردار سلیمانی. پژوهش تطبیقی حقوق اسلام و غرب، 2، 123 - 150.
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  6. نژندی‌منش، هیبت‌الله (1399). امکان‌سنجی حقوقی توصیف ترور سردار سلیمانی و دیگران به‌مثابۀ جنایت علیه بشریت. پژوهش تطبیقی حقوق اسلام و غرب، 2، 245 - 275.

 

  1. انگلیسی
  2. A) Books
  3. A Schabas, W. (2015). The European Convention on Human Rights A Commentary. United States of America, Oxford University press.
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  5. Melzer, N.(2008). Targeted Killing in International Law. New York United States of America, Oxford University Press.
  6. Nowak, Manfred (2005). UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. CCPR Commentary. Germany, Kehl am Rhein: Engel.
  7. Shrawat, A. (2017). Extra-Judicial Killing and the Role of International Criminal Court. available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2938358 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2938358.

 

  1. B) Articles
  2. Askary, P. (2020). Taking Territory of a Third State Seriously: Beginning of IAC and the Strike Against Major General Soleimani (Part I). available at: http://opiniojuris.org/2020/01/24/taking-territory-of-a-third-state-seriously-beginning-of-iac-and-the-strike-against-major-general-soleimani-part-i/.
  3. Callamard, A. (2020). The Targeted Killing of General Soleimani: Its Lawfulness and Why It Matters. Just Security, available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/67949/the-targeted-killing-of-general-soleimani-its-lawfulness-and-why-it-matters/.
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  7. Gurmendi, A. (2020). Raising Questions on Targeted Killings as First Strikes in IACs. available at: http://opiniojuris.org/2020/01/09/raising-questions-on-targeted-killings-as-first-strikes-in-iacs/.
  8. Gurmendi, A. (2020). The Soleimani Case and the Last Nail in the Lex Specialis Coffin. available at: http://opiniojuris.org/2020/01/13/the-soleimani-case-and-the-last-nail-in-the-lex-specialis-coffin/#respond.
  9. Janik, R. (2020). Soleimani and Targeted Killings of Enemy Combatants – Part I: Revisiting the “First Shot”-Theory. available at: http://opiniojuris.org/2020/01/20/ soleimani-and-targeted-killings-of-enemy-combatants-part-i-revisiting-the-first-shot-theory/.
  10. J. Aceves, W. (2018). When Death Becomes Murder: A Primer on Extrajudicial Killing. California Western School of Law, 117-183.
  11. Kretzmer, D. (2005). Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: Extra-Judicial Executions or Legitimate Means of Defence?. The European Journal of International Law, 16(2), 171–212.
  12. Schueller, A.(2020). Tools to Violate International Law: Armed Drones in Germany and the Government’s Legal Position. available at: http://opiniojuris.org/2020/05/22/tools-to-violate-international-law-armed-drones-in-germany-and-the-governments-legal-position/.
  13. Stoyanova, V. (2018). Causation between State Omission and Harm within the Framework of Positive Obligations Under the ECHR”, Human Rights Law Review, 18(2), 309-346.

 

  1. C) International instruments
  2. American Convention on Human Rights, Adopted at the Inter-American Specialized Conference on Human Rights, San José, Costa Rica, 22 November 1969.
  3. Amnesty International, Israel and the Occupied Territories-state Assassination and other Unlawful Killings, 2001.
  4. Charter of the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, Signed in London on 8 August 1945.
  5. Charter of the International Military Tribunal for The Far Eest, Tokyo, Signed on January 19th, 1946.
  6. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Signed on 9 December 1948.
  7. Commission on Human Rights, Question of the Violation of Human Rights in the Occupied Arab Territories, including Palestine, Report of the human rights inquiry commission, (E/CN.4/2001/121), 16 Mar. 2001.
  8. Human Rights Committee, General comment No. 36 on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life, 30 October 2018.
  9. Human Rights Committee, Umetaliev and Tashtanbekova v. Kyrgyzstan, Comm. 1275/2004, 30 October 2008.
  10. Human Rights Council, Agnès Callamard, Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Human Rights Council in Forty-fourth session, A/HRC/44/38, 2020.
  11. I. C.J. Advisory Opinion, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 1996.
  12. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 entry into force 23 March 1976.
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  23. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948.
  24. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), United Nations Fact Sheet No. 11, October 1997.

 

  1. D) Internet Sites
  2. E. Lee, Carol and Kube, Courtney, Trump authorized Soleimani's killing 7 months ago, with conditions, Available at: https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.nbcnews.com /news/amp/ncna1113271, Visited at: 10 january 2021.
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