نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 محقق و مدرس دانشگاه پاریس 1 پانتئون-سوربن
2 دانشآموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد حقوق تجارت بینالملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران، دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد (حقوق تطبیقی اتحادیۀ اروپا)، دانشگاه ساپینزا رم
چکیده
اگرچه محرمانگی از جمله مزیتهای داوری نسبت به رسیدگی قضایی است، داوری سرمایهگذاری بهعلت حضور دولتها نیازمند شفافیت بیشتری است. ازاینرو انتقادهای زیادی به محرمانگی داوری سرمایهگذاری وارد شده است. بسیاری از این انتقادها ریشه در حقوق بشر و به رسمیت شناختن حق دسترسی آزادانه به اطلاعات توسط مردم و تعهد دولتها به افشای اسناد توسط دادگاههای منطقهای حقوق بشری دارد. انتقادهای وارده تاکنون موجب ایجاد تغییراتی در داوری سرمایهگذاری شده است. تغییر قواعد داوری ایکسید در سالهای 2006 و 2022 و همچنین انتشار قواعد آنسیترال یکی از آخرین اقدامات در زمینۀ شفافیت در داوری معاهدهای میزان دسترسی عموم به آرای داوری را افزایش داده است. آخرین اقدام صورتگرفته در این زمینه، تصویب کنوانسیون شفافیت در داوری معاهدهای در سال 2015، معروف به کنوانسیون موریتیوس است. دو اصل شفافیت و محرمانگی از بنیادیترین پایههای داوری محسوب میشوند. این دو اصل ارتباطی تنگاتنگی با یکدیگر دارند و گاهی در تعارض با یکدیگر قرار میگیرند. در پروندههای مربوط به داوری سرمایهگذاری که نتیجه اغلب بر منافع عمومی تأثیرگذار است، این تضاد به اوج خود میرسد. در این حالت، نحوۀ ایجاد تعادل و تعامل بین این مفاهیم، از موضوعات مهمی است که در این پژوهش به آن پرداخته میشود.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Right to Access Information in Investment Arbitration: a Conflict between Confidentiality and Transparency
نویسندگان [English]
- Nima Nasrollahi Shahri 1
- Leyla Ebrahimi 2
1 Teaching and Research Fellow, University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
2 MA. in International Trade Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Allameh Tabataba’I, Tehran, Iran, MA student of European Comparative Law, Faculty of Law, University of Sapienza, Rome, Italy
چکیده [English]
While confidentiality is often cited as an advantage of arbitration over litigation, state involvement in investment arbitrations calls for a higher degree of transparency. Thus, confidentiality practices in investment arbitration have come under harsh criticism. Such criticism has to do, at least in part, with developments in the field of human rights law culminating in the recognition of the right to access information as a human right along with a duty of states to divulge information by regional human rights courts. This criticism has already brought about a change in investment arbitration. ICSID amended its rules of procedure in 2006 and more recently in 2022. UNCITRAL also annexed a set of rules regarding transparency in treaty-based arbitration to its arbitration rules. Finally, in 2015, United Nations Convention on Transparency in Treaty-based Arbitration was concluded in an effort to maximize transparency. This study deals with how transparency and confidentiality interact where they appear to be most conflicting, that is to say in international investment arbitration.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Information
- ICSID
- transparency
- investment arbitration
- free access
- human rights
- فارسی
الف) کتابها
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ب) مقالات
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- انگلیسی
- A) Books
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- B) Articles
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- C) Thesis
- Katranstiotis Dimitrios (2013). Transparency in International Investment Arbitration: From the Current towards the Future Normative Framework, Dissertation, International Hellenic University.
- D) Awards
- Ad hoc Arbitration (2000), S.D. Myers, Inc. v. Canada, UNCITRAL, First Partial Award.
- Ad hoc Arbitration (2008), Canadian Cattlemen for Fair Trade Claims v. United States, Award on Jurisdiction.
- ECHR (1987), Leander v. Sweden, App. no 9248/81.
- ECHR (1989), Gaskin v. The United Kingdom, App. no. 10454/83
- ECHR (1998), Guerra v. Italy, App. No. 14967/89.
- ECHR (2004), Case of Oneryildiz v. Turkey, App. No. 48939/99.
- ECHR (2008), Budayeva and Others v. Russia, App. No. 15339/02.
- ECHR (2009), Társaság a Szabadságjogokért v. Hungary, App. No. 37374/05.
- ECHR (2009), Tatar v. Romania, App. No. 67021/01.
- IACHR (2006), Claude Reyes et. al. v. Chile, No. 12.108.
- ICSID (1992), Abaclat and Others v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/5, Procedural Order No. 3.
- ICSID (1992), AMCO Asia Corp. et al. v. The Republic of Indonesia, ICSID Case No. ARB/81/1, Award.
- ICSID (2002), United Mexican States v. Metalclad Corp., Reasons for Judgment, and Supplementary Reasons for Judgment, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/97/1.
- ICSID (2004), MTD Equity Sdn. Bhd. and MTD Chile S.A. v. Chile, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/7.
- ICSID (2005), Methanex Corp. v. United States, Final Award.
- ICSID (2005), S.A. and Lucchetti Perْ A. v. Peru, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/4.
- ICSID (2006). Biwater Gauff Limited v. United Republic of Tanzania, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/22, Procedural Order No. 3.
- ICSID (2007), Sociedad Anَnima Eduardo Vieira v. Chile, ICSID Case No. ARB/04/7, Award.
- ICSID (2010), Case of Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona, S.A., and Vivendi Universal S.A. v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/19, Decision on Liability.
- ICSID (2010), Foresti and Others v. The Republic of South Africa, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/07/01, Award.
- ICSID (2010), Pac Rim Cayman LLC v. Republic of El Salvador, ICSID Case No. ARB/09/12
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- ICSID (2015), ArcelorMittal S.A. v. Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID Case No. ARB/15/47.
- PCA (2005), Yukos Universal Limited v. The Russian Federation, PCA Case No. 2005-04/AA227.
- D) Documents
- Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (the “Aarhus Convention”), Denmark, 1998.
- Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents, Tromsø, 2009.
- Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, 32nd Session, Gambia, 2002.
- General Comment No. 34 on International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee, CCPR/C/GC/34, Geneva, 2011.
- Law 32/2014, Egypt, 2014.
- The German Freedom of Information Act (Informationsfreiheitsgesetz), Germany, 2006.
- Transparency and Third-Party Participation in Investor State Dispute Settlement Procedures, Statement, OECD Investment Committee, Number 2005/1, France, 2005.
- United Nations Convention on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration (the "Mauritius Convention on Transparency"), New York, 2014.
- E) Websites
- Harm and Public Interest Test, last accessed at 2023/01/22. Available at:
https://www.right2info.org/exceptions-toaccess/harm-and-publicinterest-test
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https://www.law.com/thelegalintelligencer/almID/1202763357348/
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- Webcasting as a tool to Increase Transparency in Dispute Settlement Procedures, Center for International Environmental Law, Available at:
https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Webcasting_21Jun10.pdf