دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار حقوق بین‌الملل دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی امـام خمینی نداجا، نوشهر، ایران

چکیده

مأموریت گردش به دور زمین ناوگروه 86 نداجا ـ متشکل از ناوشکن دنا و ناوبندر مکران ـ (معروف به «مأموریت کد360») نقطۀ عطفی در تاریخ دریانوردی ایران محسوب می‌شود. اگرچه مأموریت‌های دریایی دوردست رهاوردهای سیاسی و راهبردی فراوانی در پی دارند، اما چالش‌های حقوقی گوناگونی نیز پدید می‌آورند که در جریان مأموریت ناوگروه 86 به‌طور محسوس نمایان شد. با این همه، چالش اصلی در خصوص مأموریت ناوگروه 86، اقدام دولت آمریکا به تحریم ناوهای دنا و مکران در آستانۀ ورود آنها به بندر ریودوژانیروی برزیل بود. از منظر حقوق دریاها، مسئلۀ اساسی که در زمینة این اقدام آمریکا مطرح می‌شود، وجاهت و آثار آن از منظر اصل مصونیت کشتی‌های جنگی است. بدین تقریر، سؤال اصلی نوشتار حاضر این است که تحریم‌های یکجانبۀ آمریکا علیه ناوهای دنا و مکران از دیدگاه اصل مصونیت کشتی‌های جنگی چگونه ارزیابی می‌شود؟ یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که تحریم دنا و مکران به دلایل متعدد مغایر مصونیت این دو ناو جنگی تلقی می‌شود، هرچند ممکن است در آینده به لحاظ آثار تحریم‌های ثانوی، ورود آنها به بنادر خارجی با چالش روبه‌رو شود. در عین‌ حال مصونیت دولتی این دو ناو جنگی مانع از اعمال صلاحیت قضایی یا اجرایی فراسرزمینی آمریکا یا هر کشور دیگر نسبت به آنهاست. این تحقیق به روش توصیفی‌ـ‌تحلیلی انجام شده و شیوۀ گردآوری اطلاعات آن بهره‌گیری از منابع کتابخانه‌ای است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluating US Sanctions Against IRIS Dena and IRIS Makran in Terms of the Principle of Warship Immunity

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sassan Seyrafi 1
  • Behzad Seyfi 2

1 Assistant Prof., Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Prof., IRIN Imam Khomeini University of Marine Sciences, Nowshaher, Iran

چکیده [English]

The world-circumnavigation mission by the IRIN’s 86th Flotilla – consisting of the frigate IRIS Dena and the forward-base ship IRIS Makran - stands out as a turning point in Iran’s naval history. While long-range naval missions bring many political and strategic advantages, they also pose peculiar legal challenges, many of which were highlighted during the 86th Flotilla’s mission. In the particular case of the 86th Flotilla, the key issue was the sanctioning of Dena and Makran by the United States as they were about to enter the port of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. This paper aims to examine the sanctioning of IRIS Dena and IRIS Makran in relation to the principle of warship immunity. The results of the study indicate that the sanctioning of the two Iranian warships violate international law on several counts but may nevertheless prevent the two vessels from calling at foreign ports in the future. Meanwhile, the two warships enjoy sovereign immunity which prevents the United States or any other state from exercising judicial or enforcement jurisdiction against them. The research method of this study is descriptive – analytical and the information has been collected through library sources.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • auxiliary ship
  • blocking sanctions
  • extraterritorial jurisdiction
  • the IRIN 86th Flotilla
  • secondary sanctions
  • sovereign immuninty
  • warship
  1. فارسی

الف) کتاب‌ها

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  1. انگلیسی
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  1. D) Documents
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  7. Executive Order 13599 of February 5, 2012 [issued by the US President] - Blocking Property of the Government of Iran and Iranian Financial Institutions, Title 3 Code of Federal Regulations, Federal Register, 77 (No. 26), 6659-6662.
  8. Executive Order 13846 of August 6, 2018 [issued by the US President] - Reimposing Certain Sanctions With Respect to Iran, Title 3 Code of Federal Regulations, Federal Register, 83 (No. 152), 38939- 38949.
  9. International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to the Immunity of State-owned Vessels, signed at Brussels, April 10th 1926, and Additional Protocol, signed at Brussels, 24 May 1934, LNTS, 176 (CLXXVI), 199-220.
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  11. Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act (2012) [enacted by the US Congress as Public Law 112–239] Subtitle D-Iran Sanctions (Secs.1241–1255) of the National Defense Authorization Act for the Fiscal Year 2013, adopted 2 January 2014 [22 USC Ch. 95 : Iran Freedom And Counterproliferation, Secs. 8801-8811] available at chroment extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://ofac.treasury.gov/media/30671/download?inline
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  17. United States Code (n.d.). Title 18, Chapter 46, Sec. 981 - Civil forfeiture. Available at https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/246/18usc981.pdf

 

  1. E) Internet Sources
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