دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، گروه حقوق، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران

2 استاد، گروه حقوق، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه حقوق، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران

چکیده

بررسی سیر تاریخی تا رویکرد نوین جامعۀ جهانی بیانگر تقدم عدالت کیفری بین‌المللی در رفتارهای خطیر بین‌المللی بر نظام حقوقی حاکم بر قواعد مصونیت مقامات دولت‌ها است. رویکردی که در رویۀ محاکم بین‌المللی، به‌ویژه دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی، انعکاس یافته است. کمیسیون حقوق بین‌الملل در طرح «مصونیت مقامات دولتی از اعمال صلاحیت خارجی» (2003) با برقراری تعادل بین عدالت و صلح، مصونیت سران کشور و رؤسای حکومت و وزرای امور خارجه را واجد مصونیت شخصی از اعمال صلاحیت کیفری خارجی دانست. از سوی دیگر، بیان داشت (2017) مصونیت مادی در جرائم «جنایت نسل‌کشی، جنایات علیه بشریت، جنایات جنگی، جنایت آپارتاید، شکنجه، ناپدید شدن اجباری» اعمال نمی‌شود. پژوهش حاضر بر آن است که با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی و با بهره‌گیری از مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، محاکمۀ رئیس کشور در صورت ارتکاب به جرائم بین‌المللی با توجه به تحولات حقوق بین‌الملل را مورد بررسی قرار دهد. این پژوهش با واکاوی منابع حقوق بین‌المللی و تفکیک مصونیت شخصی و مادی، نتیجه می‌گیرد که رئیس دولت در موارد ارتکاب جرائم بین‌المللی، پس از پایان سمت، قابل مجازات است. لیکن تعقیب و تسلیم رئیس دولت به مقام صلاحیت‌دار در موارد ارتکاب جرائم بین‌المللی مستلزم همکاری دولت متبوع مقام رسمی و سایر کشورها است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Trial of Heads of State after the End of the Official Position In the Light of the Plan of the International Law Commission

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyedeh Parisa Mirabi 1
  • Masoud Raei 2
  • Alireza Ansari mahyari 3

1 PhD. Student in International Law, Department of Law, Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

2 Prof., Department of Law, Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.

3 Assistant Prof., Department of Law, Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Examining the historical course up to the new approach of the international community indicates the precedence of international criminal justice in international crimes over the legal system governing the rules of immunity of government officials. An approach that has been reflected in the practice of international courts, especially the International Criminal Court. In the "Immunity of Government Officials from Foreign Jurisdiction" plan (2003), by establishing a balance between justice and peace, the International Law Commission considered the immunity of heads of state and heads of government and foreign ministers to have personal immunity. On the other hand, it was decided (2017) that material immunity does not apply to the crimes of of "crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, crime of apartheid, torture, enforced disappearance". This research, by examining the sources of international law and separating the concepts of personal immunity and material immunity, comes to the conclusion that the head of state can be punished in cases of committing international crimes after the end of office. Pursuing and surrendering the head of state to the competent authority in cases of committing international crimes requires the cooperation of the government of the official and other countries.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Criminal jurisdiction
  • immunity of the heads of state
  • exercise of foreign jurisdiction
  • International Law Commission
  1. فارسی

الف) کتاب‌ها

  1. دیهیم، علیرضا (1399). حقوق دیپلماتیک در تئوری و در عمل. تهران: وزارت امور خارجه مرکز مطالعات سیاسی و بین‌المللی، ج 1.
  2. -------- (1401). حقوق دیپلماتیک در تئوری و در عمل: حقوق دیپلماتیک درگذر زمان. تهران: وزارت امور خارجه مرکز مطالعات سیاسی و بین‌المللی، ج 2.
  3. شریعت باقری، محمدجواد (1391). حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی. تهران: جنگل. کریانگ ساک، کیتی چایساری (1393). حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی. ترجمه حسین آقایی جنت‌مکان، تهران: جنگل.
  4. میرمحمدصادقی، حسین (1395). دادگاه کیفری بین‌المللی. تهران: دادگستر.

 

 

ب) مقالات

  1. زمانی، سید قاسم و کیانی، حبیب‌اله (1398). رابطه حمایت شغلی از کارکنان سازمان‌های بین‌المللی و حمایت دیپلماتیک از اتباع دولت‌ها. فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، 49 (1)، 57- 76.
  2. کدخدایی، عباسعلی و عابدینی، عبدالله (1394). مصونیت دولت و قاعده آمره: استثنای در حال ظهور؟. فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، 45 (1)، 35-62.
  3. عابدینی، عبداله (1397). موانع جبران خسارت از افراد زیان‌دیده به‌واسطه نقض‌های فاحش حقوق بشر و حقوق بشردوستانه: تحولات معاصر حقوق بشر. فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، 48 (3)، 583-598.
  4. میر محمدصادقی، حسین و رحمتی، علی (1397). ارتباط و همزیستی دادگاه‌های مختلط (بین‌المللی شده) با دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی و محاکم ملی. فصلنامه آموزه‌های حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی، (15)، 3-20.

 

  1. انگلیسی
  2. A) Books
  3. Behrens, Paul (2017). The Personal Inviolability of Diplomatic Agents Emergency Situation, Edited Paul Behrens. development law in new Millennium, publicat Oxford.
  4. Chukwuemeke Okeke, Edward(2018), Jurisdictional Immunities of States and International Organizations. Oxford University Press.
  5. Denza, Eileen (2016). Diplomatic Law. Acropolis Book Ltd, Washington DC 1987, (4th edn, OUP)
  6. Fitzmaurice, Andrew (2021). King Leopold's Ghostwriter: The Creation of Persons and States in the Nineteenth Century. Princeton University Press.
  7. Marchand, Louis Joseph (2017). Chronicles of Caesar's Wars. The First-Ever Translation. Translated by Barzani, Arshan (1 ed). Clio Books. Archived from the original on 3 December.
  8. Reinisch August(2016). The Conventions on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations and its Specialized Agencies: A Commentary. Oxford University Press.
  9. Saillard, Ubéda Muriel (2019). Foreign Officials Entitled to (Absolute) Personal Immunity during Their Time in Office. The Cambridge handbook of immunities and international law, edited by Tom Ruys, Cambridge University Press, 413
  10. Sharma, Mahesh (2021). The Life and Times of Adolf Hitler. Prabhat Prakashan.

 

  1. B) Articles
  2. Arafa, A, Mohamed (2014). Mubarak criminal liability: is it a fair trial after the revolution or a drama series?. Revista Contraponto, and report the guardian, Mubarak in the dock: historic trial of former Egyptian president begins, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/03/hosni-mubarak-trial-cairo-egypt.
  3. Dapo Akande (2009). The Legal Nature of Security Council Referrals to the ICC and its Impact on Al Bashir's Immunities. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 7 (2), 333-352.
  4. Lamoncla (2016). Concepcion Escobar, re elected to international law commission, avilable at: https://www.Lamoncla.gob.es
  5. Tijani, Achraf (2021). Sudan: Why the ICC is at a crossroads with Omar al-Bashir’s case. the africa report, avilable at: https://www.theafricareport.com/104620/sudan-why-the-icc-is-at-a-crossroads-with-omar-al-bashirs-case/.

 

  1. C) Cases
  2. ICJ,Reports of Judgments, Certain United States of America v. Iran. [1980] ICJ Rep 3, para. 92.
  3. ICJ,Reports of Judgments, Certain Criminal Proceedings in France of 9 December 2002 “Republic of the Congo v. France.
  4. ICJ, Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite, "Belgium v. Senegal", Request for the indication of provisional measures- 2009 , report Judgment of 20 July 2012.
  5. ICJ,Reports of Judgments, immunities and Criminal Proceedings, "Equatorial Guinea v. France", 11 desember 2020.
  6. ICJ,Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders Case Concerning Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, "DJIBOUTI v. FRANCE". JUDGMENT OF 4 JUNE 2008.
  7. ICJ,Reports of Judgments, Case Concerning Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, "DJIBOUTI v. FRANCE". Judgment of 4 June 2008.
  8. Arrest Warrant case, Dissenting Opinion of Judge van den Wyngaert, www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/121/121-20020214-JUD-01-09-EN.pdf, para. 39.
  9. International criminal court (2023). Press Release Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova, Available: https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-ukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-vladimirovich-putin-and .
  10. international criminal court, Situation in Ukraine (2023).ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belov.
  11. The Permanent Court of International Justice, France and Switzerland, Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex, 1928
  12. United Nations Office Drugs and Crime, Immunities and Criminal Proceedings,Equatorial Guinea v. France. available: https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/case-law-doc/corruptioncrimetype/_irb/2018/immunities_and_criminal_proceedings_equatorial_guinea_v._france.html
  13. ICJ,Reports of Judgments, Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 “Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium”.
  14. Case concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) (Merits) [2002] ICJ, Rep 3, para. 56.
  15. ICC, The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, 02/05-01/09, 2009
  16. ICJ, Judgment of 14 February (2002), dissenting opinion of Judge ODA, Available at : https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/121/121-20020214-JUD-01-02-EN.pdf .
  17. ICJ, Judgment of 14 February (2002), Declaration of Judge Ranjewa, Available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/121/121-20020214-JUD-01-03-EN.pdf.
  18. D) Documents
  19. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
    or Punishment, 10 December 1984: article 1, paragraph 1.
    Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (The Hague, 16 December 1970), United Nations, vol. 860, No. 12325, p. 105.
  20. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 9
    December 1948, article II.
  21. General Assembly ,Sixth Committee (2017), Summary Record of 25th Meeting, UN Doc. A/C.6/72/SR.25 ,para. 8
  22. General Assembly ,Sixth Committee (2017).23th Meeting, para. 90
  23. General Assembly ,Sixth Committee (2018).24th Meeting, para. 82
  24. General Assembly, sixth Committee (2022). In Annual Visit to Sixth Committee, International Court of Justice President Stresses Working Methods Ensure ‘World Court’ Not Only in Name but in Fact, GA/L/3672
  25. General Assembly, sixth Committee (2022). Sixth Committee Sixth Committee Speakers Debate Functions of State Officials’ Immunity, Sea-Level Rise Impact on Statehood, as International Law Commission’s Cluster 2 Concludes, GA/L/3673
  26. Human Rights Watch,Report 1998, The Pinochet Precedent: How Victims Can Pursue Human Rights Criminals Abroad, avilable: https://www-hrw-org.translate.goog/report/1998/11/01/pinochet-precedent/how-victims-can-pursue-human-rights-criminals-abroad?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=fa&_x_tr_hl=fa&_x_tr_pto=sc united nation, Report of the International Law Commission. (2012) Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, A/77/10, article 3.
  27. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced
    Disappearance, 20 December 2006, article 2.
  28. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of
    Apartheid, 30 November 1973, article II.
  29. International Criminal Court, Trial of Individuals for Genocide, War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity and Rape: Al-Bashir Case, Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmed Al-Bashir.ICC-02/05-01/09. pretrial Available: https://www.icc-cpi.int/darfur/albashir
  30. International Law Commission, Seventy-third Session,2022. available:https://legal.un.org/ilc/sessions/73/
  31. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998, article 6;
  32. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998, article 7.
    Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998, article 8,
    paragraph 2.
  33. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/icc-statute-1998/state-parties?activeTab=undefined.
  34. Special Rapporteur Concepción Escobar Hernández, UN Doc. A/CN.4/661, 2013, para. 63 and draft article 3.
  35. The International Court of Justice, Nuremberg Trial Archives (2018). Courtroom of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, avilable: https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/documents/library-of-the-court-en.pdf
  36. Trial of General Tomoyuki Yamashita, 1945. IV Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals 1, United States Military Commission, Manila, 8th October-7th December, Case No. 21, avilable at: http://lawofwar.org/Yamashita%20Commission.htm.
  37. UN refugee agency refworld, Human Rights Watch, Judging Dujail: The First Trial before the Iraqi High Tribunal, 20 November 2006, E1809, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/45a4d8752.html
  38. UN,ILC, Immunity or State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, 2019, 71st session, Netherlands
  39. UN,ILC, Immunity or State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, 2021, 72nd session, Netherlands
  40. Report of the International Law Commission (Committee at the Sixty-Ninth Session Texts and Titles of Draft Article 7 and Annex Provisionally Adopted by the Drafting) UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.893, 10 July 2017.
  41. Report of the International Law Commission (sixty-ninth session, 1 may – 2 June and 3 July – 4 August 2017) A/72/10, paras 80-86, pp 166-167.
  42. Report of the International Law Commission draft "Immunity of Government Officials from Criminal Jurisdiction",2003.
  43. Report of the International Law Commission Sixty-fourth session (7 May–1 June and 2 July–3 August 2012) (A/67/10, paras 83-87, pp 166-167.
  44. Report of the International Law Commission, UNGA Sixth Committee, UN Doc. A/C.6/66/SR.20, 15 February 2012.
  45. UNGA Sixth Committee, ‘Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction – Additional Comments from Norway’, 28 January 2014, http://legal.un.org/ilc/sessions/66/pdfs/english/iso_norway.pdf
  46. United Nation Human Rights Watch, 2015, available at: https://www.hrw.org/2015.
  47. united nation, Report of the International Law Commission. (2012) Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, A/77/10, article 3.
  48. United Nations, Report of the International Law Commission (2021) General Assembly Official Records, No. 10 (A/76/10)
  49. United Nation International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, 1999. Slobodan Milošević Trial - the Prosecution's case. avilable: https://www.icty.org/en/content/slobodan-milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87-trial-prosecutions-case
  50. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 18 April 1961, in force 24 April 1964, 500 UNTS 95, Arts. 31(1), 37(2) and 38(1).
  51. Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their relationship with global international organizations, Article 50 paragraph 2.