دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، گروه حقوق، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران

2 استاد، گروه حقوق، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه حقوق، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران

10.22059/jplsq.2023.357503.3293

چکیده

بررسی سیر تاریخی تا رویکرد نوین جامعۀ جهانی بیانگر تقدم عدالت کیفری بین‌المللی در رفتارهای خطیر بین‌المللی بر نظام حقوقی حاکم بر قواعد مصونیت مقامات دولت‌ها است. رویکردی که در رویۀ محاکم بین‌المللی، به‌ویژه دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی، انعکاس یافته است. کمیسیون حقوق بین‌الملل در طرح «مصونیت مقامات دولتی از اعمال صلاحیت خارجی» (2003) با برقراری تعادل بین عدالت و صلح، مصونیت سران کشور و رؤسای حکومت و وزرای امور خارجه را واجد مصونیت شخصی از اعمال صلاحیت کیفری خارجی دانست. از سوی دیگر، بیان داشت (2017) مصونیت مادی در جرائم «جنایت نسل‌کشی، جنایات علیه بشریت، جنایات جنگی، جنایت آپارتاید، شکنجه، ناپدید شدن اجباری» اعمال نمی‌شود. پژوهش حاضر بر آن است که با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی و با بهره‌گیری از مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، محاکمۀ رئیس کشور در صورت ارتکاب به جرائم بین‌المللی با توجه به تحولات حقوق بین‌الملل را مورد بررسی قرار دهد. این پژوهش با واکاوی منابع حقوق بین‌المللی و تفکیک مصونیت شخصی و مادی، نتیجه می‌گیرد که رئیس دولت در موارد ارتکاب جرائم بین‌المللی، پس از پایان سمت، قابل مجازات است. لیکن تعقیب و تسلیم رئیس دولت به مقام صلاحیت‌دار در موارد ارتکاب جرائم بین‌المللی مستلزم همکاری دولت متبوع مقام رسمی و سایر کشورها است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Trial of Heads of State after the End of the Official Position In the Light of the Plan of the International Law Commission

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyedeh Parisa Mirabi 1
  • Masoud Raei 2
  • Alireza Ansari mahyari 3

1 PhD. Student in International Law, Department of Law, Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

2 Prof., Department of Law, Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.

3 Assistant Prof., Department of Law, Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Examining the historical course up to the new approach of the international community indicates the precedence of international criminal justice in international crimes over the legal system governing the rules of immunity of government officials. An approach that has been reflected in the practice of international courts, especially the International Criminal Court. In the "Immunity of Government Officials from Foreign Jurisdiction" plan (2003), by establishing a balance between justice and peace, the International Law Commission considered the immunity of heads of state and heads of government and foreign ministers to have personal immunity. On the other hand, it was decided (2017) that material immunity does not apply to the crimes of of "crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, crime of apartheid, torture, enforced disappearance". This research, by examining the sources of international law and separating the concepts of personal immunity and material immunity, comes to the conclusion that the head of state can be punished in cases of committing international crimes after the end of office. Pursuing and surrendering the head of state to the competent authority in cases of committing international crimes requires the cooperation of the government of the official and other countries.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Criminal jurisdiction
  • immunity of the heads of state
  • exercise of foreign jurisdiction
  • International Law Commission
  1. فارسی

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