Document Type : Article
Authors
1 PhD Student in Oil and Gas Law, Faculty of Law, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran
2 Prof, Department of Law, Faculty of Law, university of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
In modern governance regulation falls under the category of emerging and challenging phenomena, and there are significant gaps in its principles. Moving away from the notion of large government versus small government, a new governance approach known as the “regulatory state” has emerged. In this paradigm, regulatory institutions are established with the aim of achieving public good and have begun to regulate, supervise, and manage affairs using tools provided by law. As a result, the regulated entities—referred to as "subjects of regulation"—are directly affected, while the government and the public are indirectly influenced by the decisions of regulatory institutions. The research question is whether regulatory institutions can be held legally responsible if they cause harm to related and affected individuals due to their failure to fulfill their legal duties, or whether they are exempt from responsibility due to the nature of their sovereign actions? The reasons, findings, and evidence presented in this research indicate that such liability should exist for regulatory institutions, compelling them to compensate for damages. The paper also discusses potential remedies for damages resulting from the actions of these regulatory institutions.
Keywords
Main Subjects
English
- A) Books
- Malanczuk, P. (2002). Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law. 7th edition, London: Taylor & Francis.
- OECD (2017). The Role of Economic Regulators in the Governance of Infrastructure. The Governance of Regulators. Paris: OECD Publishing.
- B) Articles
- Ago, R. (1973). Yearbook of the International Law Commission. United Nations International Law Commission, 1(1) 1-338.
- Helm, D. (2006). Regulatory reform, capture, and the regulatory burden. Oxford review of economic policy,22(1), 169-185.
- Feinman, Jay. M (2003). Liability of accountants for negligent auditing: Doctrine, policy, and ideology. St. UL Rev, 31(1), 1-17.
- Ferrari, M., et al (2009). The paradox of risk allocation: a review and prospectus.Animal Behaviour, 78(1), 579-585.
- Giesen, I. (2006). Regulating regulators through liability, Utrecht law review, 2(1), pp. 1-35.
- Scott, C. (2018). Accountability in the Regulatory State, Administrative Law, 397-419.
- Majone, G., et al (1996). Regulating Europe, Routledge London, 84 (1), 1-30.
- McLean, H. (1988). Negligent regulatory authorities and the duty of care, Oxford J, Legal Stud,8(1), 425-442.
- C) Cases
- Canton v. Harris (1989). 489 U.S. 378, 109 S. Ct. 1197, 103 L. Ed. 2d 412.
- Davis v. Radcliffe (1990). W.L.R. 821, All E.R.2 536.
- United States v. Gaubert (1991). 499 U.S. 315, 111 S. Ct. 1267, 113 L. Ed. 2d 335.
- Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko (2004). LLP, 540U.S. 398, 124 S. Ct. 872, 157 L. Ed. 2d 823.
References In Persian & Arabic:
- A) Books
- Hadifar, D. (2009). Legal Institutions of Regulatory Regulation. Tehran: Atrat Print.
- Hahi Far, D. (2010). Legal Regulatory Bodies. Tehran: Etrat Chap. (in Persian)
- Ibn Akhwah (1395 AH). The book of Maalem al-Qurba fi Hakam Al-Hasbah. 1, Egypt: Mohammad Mahmoud Shaaban and Sediq Ahmed Issa Matiei.
- Iraqi, Ziauddin Najafi (2009). Al-Ijtihad and Taqlid. Qom: Navid Islam.
- Naini, M. H. (2006). Tanbih al-Uma and Tanzih al-Mulleh. Tehran: Islamic Revolution Records Center (In Persian).
- Shizri, Abd al-Rahman bin Nasr (1401 AH). Kitab Nahayah al-Ratba fi Talab al-Hasbah. Vol. 1, Beirut: Seyyed Baz Arini.
- Sistani, A. (1993). The principle of no harm and no harm. Qom: School of Ayatollah Azami Sayyid al-Sistani.
- Sobhani Tabrizi, J. (1993). Al-Mashul fi Alam al-Usul. Qom: Institute of Imam Sadiq (In Persian).
- Tash-Kabrizadeh, Ahmad bin Mustafa (1405 AH). Miftah al-Saada and Misbah al-Siadah. Vol. 1, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab-al-Alamiya.
- B) Articles
- Khandoozi, E. (2012). Regulatory Government Requirements in the Iranian Economy. Parliament and Research, 17(64), 41-81 (In Persian).
- Khoshnoodi, R., & Hosseini, M. (2016). The legal nature of the Competition Council and the appeal of its decisions.Legal Research Quarterly, 19(75), 201-225 (In Persian).
- Moghimi, L., & Farhadkhani, M. (2015). Evaluation of the structural capabilities of the Iranian Electricity Market Regulatory Board. International Electricity Conference, 31, 1-7 (In Persian).
- Noori, R., Abedi Jafari, Hassan; Firahi, Daud; Faqihi, Abul Hassan; Taleghani, Gholamreza (2012). Relationship of State and Public Administration in Iran: A Comparative-Historical Study. Journal of Public Administration, 4(9), 117-140 (In Persian).
- Petoft, A., & Momeni Rad, A. (2015). The Evolution of Government Intervention in Economyfrom the Perspective of Public Law-Welfare to Post Regulatory Governments. Public Law Researsh, 17(47), 185-204 (In Persian).
- Ramazani Ghavamabadi, M. H., Farrokhi, R.A., & Javadi Sharif, K. (2013), Foreign State Immunity in National Courts in Light of Judgment of International Court of Justice. International Law Review, 30(48), 65-100 (In Persian).
- Rostami, Vali and Asgharnia, Morteza (2012). Competition Council and Communications Regulatory Commission's Jurisdiction Dispute. Criticism of the vote, 84 (In Persian).
- Sheikh Al-Salami, S. M. (2006). A Comparative Study of Parliamentary Immunity in the Constitutional law of Iran and Some Countries of the World. Constitutional law, 6(7), 133-160 (In Persian).
- Shiravi, A., & Farahnakiyan, F. (2019). Legal Dimensions of Proper Regulation in the Good Governance of Iran's Oil Industry. Energy law Studies, 6(2), 357-382 (In Persian).
- Yavari, A. (2014). An Introduction to the Concept of Legal Regulation, Comparative Law Studies. 5(2), 629-647 (In Persian).
)