نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار، گروه حقوق عمومی و بینالملل، دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بینالملل عمومی، دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
یکی از مهمترین موضوعات حقوق هوایی، موضوع ایمنی هوانوردی است، بهطوریکه گفته میشود موضوع مبتلابه و موضوعی که ایکائو اساساً بهسبب آن بهوجود آمده است. در این چارچوب حملونقل ایمن کالاهای خطرناک بسیار حائز اهمیت است که در چهار روش جادهای، ریلی، دریایی و هوایی دارای نظام حقوقی منحصربهفردی است. روش حملونقل در هوا بهدلیل سرعت عمل و سهولت و نیاز بعضی کالاهای خطرناک به انتقال سریع بهویژه مواد پرتوزا و پاتوژنها همواره مورد مناقشة تولیدکنندگان این مواد و سازمانهای بینالمللی این حوزه از یک سو و سازمانهای هواپیمایی از سوی دیگر بوده است. موضوع حملونقل ایمن کالاهای خطرناک موضوعی دووجهی است، بدینمعنی که هم از جنبة ایمنی هوانوردی قابل بررسی است و هم از جنبة امنیت هوانوردی. بدینسبب سازمان بینالمللی هوانوردی کشوری (ایکائو) در زمینة قانونگذاری و اجرا تدابیر زیادی را اتخاذ کرده است. در این پژوهش تلاش میشود اقدامات ایکائو با توجه به ابعاد اجرایی و تأکید بر سیر تحول و تطور مفهومی موضوع در رویة اجرایی سازمان، تجویزات و مستندات و ابعاد ساختاری آن در این زمینه بررسی و تحلیل شود، البته به راهحلهایی برای چالش حمل ایمن کالاهای خطرناک توسط پهپادها نیز پرداخته خواهد شد.
کلیدواژهها
- ایکائو
- ایمنی هوانوردی
- پهپاد
- پاتوژن
- پرتوزا
- حملونقل ایمن
- ضمیمة هجدهم
- کالاهای خطرناک
- کنوانسیون شیکاگو.
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Legal Regime of Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by air With the Emphasis on ICAO Performance
نویسندگان [English]
- Shahram Zarneshan 1
- Mehdi Mansouri 2
1 Associate Prof., Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabatab'i University, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D. Student in Public International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabatab'i University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
One of the most important issue in the aviation law is aviation safety. It's said that safety is raison datre of ICAO and the issue is ICAO founded for addressing it. In this framework safe transport of dangerous goods is very important that has unique framework in roads, rails, maritime and aviation ways. There are many dispute between the producer of this goods and International Organizations related to this sector from one hand and aviation Organizations from the other hands due to need to speedy and facilitate transport of some of this goods such as Radioactive Materials and Pathogens. The way of transport in aviation sector. Safe transport of dangerous goods by air has two aspect. First, safety and security. Based on this fact, International Civil Aviation Organizations (ICAO) implement many measures in the legislative and executive branches. In this paper analyzed ICAO measures based on executive factors and with emphasizing on the way of evolution of this issue in the executive procedure, documents, and structure of ICAO in this regards and solutions to the challenge of safe transportation Dangerous goods by drones.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- ICAO
- Aviation Safety
- UAV
- Pathogen
- Radioactive Materials
- safe transport of dangerous goods
- Annex 18
- Chicago Convention.
- فارسی
الف) کتابها
- جباری، منصور (1393). حقوق هوایی از منظر حقوق داخلی و بینالملل. تهران: شهر دانش.
- کوشا، سهیلا (1394). حقوق بینالملل هوایی. تهران: مجد.
- کاظمی، حمید (1395). حقوق بینالملل عمومی هوایی. تهران: سمت.
- نواده توپچی، حسین (1396). مقدمهای بر حقوق بینالملل هوایی: بررسی کنوانسیون شیکاگو و ضمائم. تهران: خرسندی.
ب) مقالات
- جباری، منصور؛ قلندری، مرضیه (1394). نظارت ایکائو بر استانداردها و رویههای پیشنهادی هوانوردی. مجلة حقوقی بینالمللی، (53)، 69-98.
- محمودی، سیدهادی؛ گلرو، علیاکبر (1384). بررسی ابعاد حقوقی استانداردها و رویههای پیشنهادی مصوب ایکائو. مجموعه مقالات سومین همایش ایمنی هوانوردی، 41-60.
- انگلیسی
- Books
- Abeyratne, R. (2010). Aviation Security Law. New York, Springer.
- Abeyratne, R. (2022). Post Pandemic Facilitation of Air Transport: Legal, Political and Economic Aspects. New York, Springer.
- Abeyratne, R. (2012). Air Navigation Law. New York, Springer.
- Abeyratne, R (2014). Convention on International Civil Aviation A Commentary New York, Springer.
- Dempsey, P. (2008). Public International Air Law. Montreal, McGill University Press.
- Dempsey, P., & Jakhu, R. (2017). Routledge Handbook of Public Aviation Law. New York, Routledge.
- Huang, J. (2009). Aviation Safety and ICAO. The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International.
- Havel, B., & Sanchez, G. (2014). The Principles and Practice of International Aviation Law. New York, Cambridge University Press.
- Kearns, S. (2018). Fundamentals of International Aviation. New York, Routledge.
- Milde, M. (2016). International Air Law and ICAO, Third Edition. The Netherlands, Eleven International Publishing.
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- Price, J., & Forrest, J. (2016). Practical Aviation Security: Predicting and Preventing Future Threats: Third Edition. United Kingdom, Elsevier.
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- Scott, B. (2022). An Analysis of Unmanned Aircraft Systems under Air Law. the Netherlands, Wolter Kluwer.
- B) Articles
- Batarliene, N., & Jarašuniene, A. (2014). Analysis of the accidents and incidents occurring during the transportation of dangerous goods by railway transport. Transport, 29(4), 395–400.
- Engler, Á. (2018). Autonomous Technologies in the Transportation of Dangerous Goods. Hadmérnök, (13), 89–95.
- Forigua, J., & Lyons, L. (2016). Safety analysis of transportation chain for dangerous goods: A case study in Colombia. Res. Procedia, (2), 842-850.
- Jiefang, H. (2019). Aviation Safety, ICAO and Obligations Erga Omnes Chinese Journal of International Law, 8 (1), 63-79
- Lee, K. B. (2004). The Change of International Standards and Improvement of Management System for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air. the International Commerce & Law Review, (24), 73-104.
- Rizaldy, W., Ricardianto, P., Ade Suryobuwono, A., & Mulyani, H. (2020). Integration and Transportation of Dangerous Goods Handling Management between Air and Railway Transportation International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management Studies, 2(01).
- Yan, Z., & Zhijun, L. (2022). Evaluation of dangerous goods sources in air transportation by chromatography. IEEE 4th International Conference on Civil Aviation Safety and Information Technology (ICCASIT), Dali, China.
- Zhao, H., Zhang, N., & Guan, Y. (2018). Safety Assessment Model for Dangerous Goods Transport by Air Carrier. Sustainability, 10, 1306; doi:10.3390/su10051306.
- C) Thesis
- Gagne, R. (1989). Annex 18 to the Chicago convention and the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, Institute of Air And Space Law McGill University, A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of civil Law (D.C.L.). Supervisor, Professor Martin A. Bradley. Montreal: McGill University, Institute of Air and Space Law, June 1989
- D) Documents
- ICAO Doc 7300, Convention on Civil Aviation ("Chicago Convention"), 7 December 1944
- ICAO Annex 18 to the Chicago Convention, 2015
- ICAO Doc. 9284, Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2019/20 Edition
- ICAO Doc. 9284SU, Supplement to the Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2019/20 Edition
- ICAO Doc. 9375, Dangerous Goods Training Manual, Fourth Edition, 2010
- ICAO Doc 9481, Emergency Response Guidance for Aircraft Incidents Involving Dangerous Goods, 2019–2020 Edition; 2018.
- ICAO, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for Humanitarian Aid and Emergency Response Guidance—U-AID, 2019.
- Working Group of the Whole of the ICAO Dangerous Goods Panel (Abu Dhabi, 4–8 October 2004), DGP-WP/04-WP/18
- ICAO, Global Aviation Safety Plan, 2017-2019- ICAO Doc.10004
- Fox, Mitch, ICAO and the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2011, FIATA World Congress
- ICAO Dangerous Goods Panel, 3rd Meeting, Report, ICAO Doc. DGP/3-WP/18, 12 May 1978, at 2-1 para. 2.2.1.1.
- ICAO Council, 103rd Sess., Minutes of the 3rd Meeting, 15 May 1981, ICAO Doc. 9347 C/1063, C-Min. 103/3, 1981, at 20 to 22.
- International Civil Aviation Organization, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), ICAO Cir 328, 2011.
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for Humanitarian Aid and Emergency Response Guidance—U-AID; International Civil Aviation Organization: Montreal, QC, Canada, 2019.
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). ADR—European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ECE/TRANS/257); United Nations Economic Commission for Europe: New York, 2017.
- Devoid, W.; Middendorf, T.; Wass, C. Hazardous Material Transport with Unmanned Systems: Phase 1 Exploration (Draft Report CDTS-AL003-19-00200); A-P-T Research, Inc.: Huntsville, AL, USA, 2019.
- Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Unmanned Aircraft System Operations in UK Airspace—Guidance (CAP 722); Civil Aviation Authority: Crawley, UK, 2020.
- E) Sites
- www.icao.int
- www.labelmaster.com